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What is the primary function of human placental lactogen (hPL) during pregnancy?
What is the primary function of human placental lactogen (hPL) during pregnancy?
Progesterone contributes to pregnancy by enhancing uterine smooth muscle contraction.
Progesterone contributes to pregnancy by enhancing uterine smooth muscle contraction.
False
What role do prostaglandins play in pregnancy?
What role do prostaglandins play in pregnancy?
They trigger and participate in parturition.
Maternal cholesterol is primarily supplied as _____ particles, which serve as precursors for progesterone synthesis.
Maternal cholesterol is primarily supplied as _____ particles, which serve as precursors for progesterone synthesis.
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Match the following hormones with their primary roles during pregnancy:
Match the following hormones with their primary roles during pregnancy:
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What happens to the zygote while it is in the fallopian tube?
What happens to the zygote while it is in the fallopian tube?
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Decidualization refers to the transformation of endometrial stromal cells into corpus luteum cells.
Decidualization refers to the transformation of endometrial stromal cells into corpus luteum cells.
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What is the role of syncytiotrophoblasts during implantation?
What is the role of syncytiotrophoblasts during implantation?
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High levels of _____ released from the corpus luteum prepare the uterus to receive the blastocyst.
High levels of _____ released from the corpus luteum prepare the uterus to receive the blastocyst.
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What are the two main types of cells in the blastocyst?
What are the two main types of cells in the blastocyst?
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The zygote remains in the fallopian tube for approximately 5 days.
The zygote remains in the fallopian tube for approximately 5 days.
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Match the following types of trophoblasts with their roles:
Match the following types of trophoblasts with their roles:
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What maternal response occurs following implantation?
What maternal response occurs following implantation?
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Decidual cells are transformed endometrial stromal cells that form the _____, which constitutes the maternal portion of the placenta.
Decidual cells are transformed endometrial stromal cells that form the _____, which constitutes the maternal portion of the placenta.
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What is the primary function of the estrogenic placenta during pregnancy?
What is the primary function of the estrogenic placenta during pregnancy?
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The luteal-placenta shift occurs around 8 weeks of pregnancy.
The luteal-placenta shift occurs around 8 weeks of pregnancy.
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What is a crucial factor in maintaining normal gestation during pregnancy?
What is a crucial factor in maintaining normal gestation during pregnancy?
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As pregnancy progresses, the estrogen to progesterone ratio (E/P ratio) generally __________ later in preparation for parturition.
As pregnancy progresses, the estrogen to progesterone ratio (E/P ratio) generally __________ later in preparation for parturition.
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What contributes to maternal weight gain during pregnancy?
What contributes to maternal weight gain during pregnancy?
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Match the following hormones or factors with their effects during pregnancy:
Match the following hormones or factors with their effects during pregnancy:
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The fetal adrenal gland and liver are responsible for providing enzymes for estrogen synthesis.
The fetal adrenal gland and liver are responsible for providing enzymes for estrogen synthesis.
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What does an increased E3 to E2 ratio indicate during pregnancy?
What does an increased E3 to E2 ratio indicate during pregnancy?
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What primarily influences the expansion of blood volume during pregnancy?
What primarily influences the expansion of blood volume during pregnancy?
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During later stages of pregnancy, cardiac output remains constant.
During later stages of pregnancy, cardiac output remains constant.
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What physiological change leads to increased alveolar ventilation during pregnancy?
What physiological change leads to increased alveolar ventilation during pregnancy?
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The increased sensitivity of the respiratory center to CO2 is primarily influenced by __________.
The increased sensitivity of the respiratory center to CO2 is primarily influenced by __________.
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What effect does uterine enlargement have on the diaphragm during pregnancy?
What effect does uterine enlargement have on the diaphragm during pregnancy?
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Match the parturition related roles of prostaglandins:
Match the parturition related roles of prostaglandins:
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Increased renal blood flow during pregnancy helps manage tubular reabsorption.
Increased renal blood flow during pregnancy helps manage tubular reabsorption.
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What causes the initial stimulation of uterine contractility as pregnancy nears its end?
What causes the initial stimulation of uterine contractility as pregnancy nears its end?
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What primarily inhibits lactation during pregnancy?
What primarily inhibits lactation during pregnancy?
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Prolactin is responsible for stimulating milk ejection from the alveoli.
Prolactin is responsible for stimulating milk ejection from the alveoli.
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What is the role of myoepithelial cells in lactation?
What is the role of myoepithelial cells in lactation?
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The _____ ducts converge to form the lactiferous sinus, located just before the nipple.
The _____ ducts converge to form the lactiferous sinus, located just before the nipple.
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Match the following hormones with their roles in lactation:
Match the following hormones with their roles in lactation:
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What happens to prolactin and oxytocin levels during nursing?
What happens to prolactin and oxytocin levels during nursing?
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The nipple contains few nerve endings, making it less sensitive to suckling.
The nipple contains few nerve endings, making it less sensitive to suckling.
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What triggers the release of milk from the alveolar lumen into the ductules?
What triggers the release of milk from the alveolar lumen into the ductules?
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What is the function of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in early pregnancy?
What is the function of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in early pregnancy?
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The surface of villi is covered with columnar epithelial cells.
The surface of villi is covered with columnar epithelial cells.
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What do fetal umbilical arteries carry?
What do fetal umbilical arteries carry?
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The __________ space is filled with maternal blood and serves as a capillary interface in the placenta.
The __________ space is filled with maternal blood and serves as a capillary interface in the placenta.
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Match the following terms with their corresponding functions:
Match the following terms with their corresponding functions:
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How does sustained release of estrogen and progesterone affect follicle development?
How does sustained release of estrogen and progesterone affect follicle development?
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There are structural capillaries between maternal arterioles and venules within the placenta.
There are structural capillaries between maternal arterioles and venules within the placenta.
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What fills the intervillous space in the placenta?
What fills the intervillous space in the placenta?
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Study Notes
Physiology Lecture 26 - Summary
-
Fertilization and the Menstrual Cycle:
- If fertilization occurs, the menstrual cycle is halted.
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are inhibited.
- The zygote remains in the fallopian tube for about 3 days.
-
Zygote Development:
- The zygote undergoes mitotic divisions, becoming a blastocyst with roughly 100 cells.
- The blastocyst remains in the uterine cavity for 1-2 days before implanting in the endometrium.
- Two main cell types are present: the inner cell mass and the outer trophoblast layer.
- The trophoblast layer includes syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts.
- Syncytiotrophoblasts are critical for fetal and placental development.
- Cytotrophoblasts initially provide support for cell division.
- The embryonic pole attaches to the uterine endometrium during implantation.
-
Uterine Preparation for Implantation:
- High progesterone levels from the corpus luteum prepare the uterus for blastocyst reception during the secretory phase.
- Syncytiotrophoblasts secrete enzymes to break down uterine tissue, allowing blastocyst implantation.
- Maternal response to implantation includes transforming endometrial cells into decidua cells, which provide nutrients to the developing embryo.
- Decidual cells are rich in glycogen, proteins, lipids, and minerals.
- Decidual cells form the maternel portion of the placenta.
-
Placenta Function:
- The placenta delivers oxygen and nutrients.
- It removes carbon dioxide and fetal waste products.
- It releases hormones.
- It acts as a protective barrier during pregnancy.
- The placenta synthesises estrogen and progesterone.
- Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) sustains corpus luteum function to maintain hormone levels.
-
Placental Structure and Function:
- Villi, containing syncytiotrophoblasts, act as fetal placental capillaries.
- The intervillous space is filled with maternal blood.
- Placental capillaries facilitate nutrient and gas exchange.
- Maternal and fetal blood do not directly mix.
-
Maternal Physiological Changes During Pregnancy:
- Cardiac output increases.
- Blood volume expands.
- Bone marrow increases blood cell production.
- Respiratory system adjusts.
- Renal function (blood flow and filtration) increases.
- Nutritional demands increase.
-
Hormonal Regulation and Labor:
- Progesterone maintains pregnancy, and estrogen supports uterine growth.
- The estrogen to progesterone ratio shifts in favor of estrogen, which facilitates labor and delivery.
- Estrogen and prostaglandins are critical for uterine contractions.
- Oxytocin receptors are upregulated, aiding in stronger contractions and labor.
-
Hormonal Regulation and Lactation:
- Prolactin stimulates milk production.
- Oxytocin stimulates milk ejection.
- Progesterone and estrogen inhibit lactation during pregnancy.
- After birth, these hormones levels reduce, allowing prolactin to stimulate milk production.
-
Lactation:
- Lobules contain alveoli where milk is produced.
- Myoepithelial cells contract to eject milk (let-down).
- Prolactin's action is blocked during pregnancy by prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH).
-
Postpartum Hormonal Regulation:
- High prolactin and oxytocin suppress GnRH release, reducing FSH and LH, which temporarily suspends the ovarian cycle.
- GnRH, FSH and LH levels start increasing again allowing the ovarian cycle to resume.
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Description
Test your knowledge on human reproductive physiology with this quiz focusing on pregnancy and its hormonal regulation. Explore key concepts including the roles of hPL, progesterone, prostaglandins, and trophoblasts during the early stages of pregnancy. Ideal for students and professionals in biology and medicine.
