Hormones in Pregnancy

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cortical nephron?

Endocrine functions

Regulation of acid-base balance

Concentration of urine

Formation of urine (correct)

What is the percentage of cardiac output that is accounted for by renal blood flow?

20% of cardiac output (correct)

40% of cardiac output

10% of cardiac output

30% of cardiac output

What is the function of the juxta medullary nephron?

Regulation of arterial blood pressure

Gluconeogenesis

Concentration of urine (correct)

Formation of urine

What is the pressure of the glomerular capillary?

60mmHg Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the peritubular capillary?

Reabsorption or secretion of filtrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of filtration?

Movement of plasma from glomerular capillaries to bowman's capsule Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the renin-angiotensin mechanism?

Regulation of arterial blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the plasma blood flow in the kidney?

650 ml/min Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Sertoli cells in providing nutrition to germ cells?

They contain glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the blood-testis barrier in terms of autoimmune response?

It prevents the passage of antigenic products to general circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of LH in spermatogenesis?

It acts on interstitial cells to secrete testosterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of inhibins?

It inhibits FSH release from the pituitary Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of activins in spermatogenesis?

It stimulates FSH release from the pituitary Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of MIS in embryonic development?

It inhibits the growth of Mullerian duct Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of aromatase in Sertoli cells?

It converts androgen to estrogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of proteolytic enzymes in Sertoli cells?

It dissolves the barrier near the lumen to release sperms Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of severe efferent arteriole constriction on renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate?

Decrease in RBF and GFR Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of estrogen hormone on the uterus?

Increase uterine blood flow and contraction by increasing actin and myosin Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased colloidal osmotic pressure of glomerular capillary on GFR?

Decrease in GFR Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of myogenic autoregulation in the kidney?

To maintain constant GFR despite changes in ABP Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of estrogen hormone on the mammary glands?

Growth of ducts and enlargement of the breast Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of estrogen hormone on the cervix?

Thin alkaline mucous Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of decreased Na concentration at the macula densa on GFR?

Increase in GFR Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

Reabsorption of Na, amino acids, and glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of estrogen hormone on body configuration?

Narrow shoulder and wide pelvis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of estrogen hormone on skin?

Soft and smooth Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle?

Hypertonic fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of estrogen hormone on hair?

Long scalp hair and low body hair Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of aldosterone in the distal convoluted tubule?

Reabsorption of Na in exchange with K Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of progesterone hormone on the ovary?

Inhibit LH and ovulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the collecting duct?

Impermeable to water Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of progesterone hormone on the fallopian tube?

Decrease motility and number of cilia Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Fanconi syndrome on proximal tubule function?

Malabsorption of various electrolytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of tubuloglomerular balance?

To maintain constant GFR despite changes in ABP Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) in terms of glucose metabolism during pregnancy?

Decrease insulin receptor sensitivity in the mother to increase glucose availability for the fetus Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for the relaxation of pelvic ligaments during pregnancy?

Relaxin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the fetus triggers parturition?

Increase in circulating estrogens and CRH secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of breastfeeding on menstrual cycles in women?

Breastfeeding induces amenorrhea for 25-30 weeks after delivery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of oxytocin in lactation?

Milk ejection and uterine contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for the mother during pregnancy, as a result of HCS activity?

Fatty acids from maternal fat stores Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of prostaglandins in parturition?

Stimulation of uterine contractions and cervical ripening Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the fetus matures its respiratory system in preparation for birth?

Maturation of the respiratory system by the increase in labor-inducing oxytocin and prostaglandins Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Kidney Functions

Maintenance of constant internal environment through:
- Excretion of waste products (urea, creatinine)
- Control of volume and osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid
- Endocrine functions (renin-angiotensin mechanism, erythropoietin hormone, activation of 1,25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol)
- Regulation of arterial blood pressure
- Regulation of acid-base balance
- Gluconeogenesis

Functional Unit of the Kidney

Nephron: functional unit of the kidney
- Consists of renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule) and renal tubules (PCT, loop of Henle, DCT)
Cortical nephron:
- Glomeruli close to the surface
- Short loop of Henle
- Tubules surrounded by peritubular capillaries
- Function: formation of urine
Juxta medullary nephron:
- Glomeruli deep near the medulla
- Long loop of Henle
- Surrounded by U-shaped peritubular capillary
- Function: concentration of urine

Glomerulus

Types of capillaries associated with the nephron:
- Glomerular capillary: high pressure (60mmHg), arises from afferent arteriole
- Peritubular capillary: low pressure (13mmHg), arises from efferent arteriole

Factors Affecting GFR

Colloidal osmotic pressure of Bowman's capsule:
- Increased glomerular membrane permeability increases GFR
The colloidal osmotic pressure of glomerular capillary:
- Increased OPGC (as in dehydration) decreases GFR
- Decreased OPGC (as in hypoproteinemia) increases GFR
Hydrostatic pressure of Bowman's capsule:
- As in urinary tract stone, decreases GFR

Regulation of Renal Blood Flow

Autoregulation:
- Aim: GFR is kept constant despite changes in ABP between 90-200 mmHg
- Mechanisms:
  - Myogenic autoregulation
  - Tubuloglomerular balance

Functions of Proximal Convoluted Tubules

Reabsorption of:
- 60% of Na
- Glucose, amino acid, phosphate, and bicarbonate
Secretion of:
- H (counter transport with K)
- Organic substances (bile salts, uric acid, creatinine)
- Drugs (penicillin, salicylate)

Functions of Loop of Henle, DCT, and CT

Loop of Henle:
- Thin descending limb: reabsorption of 20% of filtered H2O
- Thick ascending limb: reabsorption of 30% of Na, K, Cl, and few HCO3
DCT:
- Reabsorption of Na, K, Cl
- Secretion of H (Na-dependent)
CT:
- Concentration of urine
- Na reabsorption
- H secretion (primary active transport)
- Synthesis of ammonia from glutamine

Functions of Sertoli Cells

Nutrition: contain glycogen for germ cells
Protection: of germ cells
Phagocytosis: of residual debris
Maturation of sperm
Secretion of:
- ABP (androgen binding protein)
- Activins (activate FSH release from the pituitary)
- Inhibins (inhibit FSH release from the pituitary)
- MIS (Mullerian inhibitory substance)
- SGF (seminiferous tubules growth factor)
- Estrogen
- Aromatase (convert androgen to estrogen)
- Proteolytic enzymes (dissolution of the barrier near the lumen to release sperms)

Blood-Testis Barrier

Formation: tight junction between Sertoli cells
Functions:
- Prevents passage of antigenic products from seminiferous tubules to general circulation
- Prevents passage of harmful agents from blood to the tubular lumen
- Allows passage of steroids
- Allows constant composition of tubular fluid

Factors Affecting Spermatogenesis (Hormonal)

LH:
- Acts on interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
- Important for the early stage of spermatogenesis
FSH:
- Acts on Sertoli cells to secrete androgen binding protein
- Important for the late stage of spermatogenesis
- Growth and maturation of testis and Sertoli cells
- Increases the number and activity of cilia

Estrogen Hormone

Actions:
- 2ry sex organ: uterus, cervix, mammary glands
- Body configuration, voice, skin, hair
- Metabolism: protein anabolic on sex organ, bone, salt and water retention, decrease cholesterol
- Estrogens also increase the proliferation of dendrites on neurons and the number of synaptic knobs

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Description

This quiz covers the functions of Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (HCS) and Relaxin in pregnancy, including their roles in glucose provision and pelvic ligament relaxation.