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What is the primary function of the cortical nephron?
What is the percentage of cardiac output that is accounted for by renal blood flow?
What is the function of the juxta medullary nephron?
What is the pressure of the glomerular capillary?
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What is the function of the peritubular capillary?
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What is the definition of filtration?
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What is the function of the renin-angiotensin mechanism?
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What is the plasma blood flow in the kidney?
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What is the role of Sertoli cells in providing nutrition to germ cells?
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What is the function of the blood-testis barrier in terms of autoimmune response?
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What is the role of LH in spermatogenesis?
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What is the function of inhibins?
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What is the role of activins in spermatogenesis?
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What is the function of MIS in embryonic development?
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What is the role of aromatase in Sertoli cells?
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What is the function of proteolytic enzymes in Sertoli cells?
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What is the effect of severe efferent arteriole constriction on renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate?
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What is the effect of estrogen hormone on the uterus?
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What is the effect of increased colloidal osmotic pressure of glomerular capillary on GFR?
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What is the purpose of myogenic autoregulation in the kidney?
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What is the effect of estrogen hormone on the mammary glands?
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What is the effect of estrogen hormone on the cervix?
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What is the effect of decreased Na concentration at the macula densa on GFR?
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What is the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule?
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What is the effect of estrogen hormone on body configuration?
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What is the effect of estrogen hormone on skin?
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What is the characteristic of the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle?
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What is the effect of estrogen hormone on hair?
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What is the function of aldosterone in the distal convoluted tubule?
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What is the effect of progesterone hormone on the ovary?
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What is the characteristic of the collecting duct?
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What is the effect of progesterone hormone on the fallopian tube?
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What is the effect of Fanconi syndrome on proximal tubule function?
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What is the purpose of tubuloglomerular balance?
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What is the primary function of human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) in terms of glucose metabolism during pregnancy?
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Which hormone is responsible for the relaxation of pelvic ligaments during pregnancy?
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What is the primary mechanism by which the fetus triggers parturition?
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What is the effect of breastfeeding on menstrual cycles in women?
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What is the primary function of oxytocin in lactation?
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What is the primary source of energy for the mother during pregnancy, as a result of HCS activity?
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What is the role of prostaglandins in parturition?
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What is the primary mechanism by which the fetus matures its respiratory system in preparation for birth?
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Study Notes
Kidney Functions
- Maintenance of constant internal environment through:
- Excretion of waste products (urea, creatinine)
- Control of volume and osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid
- Endocrine functions (renin-angiotensin mechanism, erythropoietin hormone, activation of 1,25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol)
- Regulation of arterial blood pressure
- Regulation of acid-base balance
- Gluconeogenesis
Functional Unit of the Kidney
- Nephron: functional unit of the kidney
- Consists of renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule) and renal tubules (PCT, loop of Henle, DCT)
- Cortical nephron:
- Glomeruli close to the surface
- Short loop of Henle
- Tubules surrounded by peritubular capillaries
- Function: formation of urine
- Juxta medullary nephron:
- Glomeruli deep near the medulla
- Long loop of Henle
- Surrounded by U-shaped peritubular capillary
- Function: concentration of urine
Glomerulus
- Types of capillaries associated with the nephron:
- Glomerular capillary: high pressure (60mmHg), arises from afferent arteriole
- Peritubular capillary: low pressure (13mmHg), arises from efferent arteriole
Factors Affecting GFR
- Colloidal osmotic pressure of Bowman's capsule:
- Increased glomerular membrane permeability increases GFR
- The colloidal osmotic pressure of glomerular capillary:
- Increased OPGC (as in dehydration) decreases GFR
- Decreased OPGC (as in hypoproteinemia) increases GFR
- Hydrostatic pressure of Bowman's capsule:
- As in urinary tract stone, decreases GFR
Regulation of Renal Blood Flow
- Autoregulation:
- Aim: GFR is kept constant despite changes in ABP between 90-200 mmHg
- Mechanisms:
- Myogenic autoregulation
- Tubuloglomerular balance
Functions of Proximal Convoluted Tubules
- Reabsorption of:
- 60% of Na
- Glucose, amino acid, phosphate, and bicarbonate
- Secretion of:
- H (counter transport with K)
- Organic substances (bile salts, uric acid, creatinine)
- Drugs (penicillin, salicylate)
Functions of Loop of Henle, DCT, and CT
- Loop of Henle:
- Thin descending limb: reabsorption of 20% of filtered H2O
- Thick ascending limb: reabsorption of 30% of Na, K, Cl, and few HCO3
- DCT:
- Reabsorption of Na, K, Cl
- Secretion of H (Na-dependent)
- CT:
- Concentration of urine
- Na reabsorption
- H secretion (primary active transport)
- Synthesis of ammonia from glutamine
Functions of Sertoli Cells
- Nutrition: contain glycogen for germ cells
- Protection: of germ cells
- Phagocytosis: of residual debris
- Maturation of sperm
- Secretion of:
- ABP (androgen binding protein)
- Activins (activate FSH release from the pituitary)
- Inhibins (inhibit FSH release from the pituitary)
- MIS (Mullerian inhibitory substance)
- SGF (seminiferous tubules growth factor)
- Estrogen
- Aromatase (convert androgen to estrogen)
- Proteolytic enzymes (dissolution of the barrier near the lumen to release sperms)
Blood-Testis Barrier
- Formation: tight junction between Sertoli cells
- Functions:
- Prevents passage of antigenic products from seminiferous tubules to general circulation
- Prevents passage of harmful agents from blood to the tubular lumen
- Allows passage of steroids
- Allows constant composition of tubular fluid
Factors Affecting Spermatogenesis (Hormonal)
- LH:
- Acts on interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
- Important for the early stage of spermatogenesis
- FSH:
- Acts on Sertoli cells to secrete androgen binding protein
- Important for the late stage of spermatogenesis
- Growth and maturation of testis and Sertoli cells
- Increases the number and activity of cilia
Estrogen Hormone
- Actions:
- 2ry sex organ: uterus, cervix, mammary glands
- Body configuration, voice, skin, hair
- Metabolism: protein anabolic on sex organ, bone, salt and water retention, decrease cholesterol
- Estrogens also increase the proliferation of dendrites on neurons and the number of synaptic knobs
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Description
This quiz covers the functions of Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (HCS) and Relaxin in pregnancy, including their roles in glucose provision and pelvic ligament relaxation.