Hormones in Pregnancy
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cortical nephron?

  • Endocrine functions
  • Regulation of acid-base balance
  • Concentration of urine
  • Formation of urine (correct)

    • What is the percentage of cardiac output that is accounted for by renal blood flow?

  • 20% of cardiac output (correct)
  • 40% of cardiac output
  • 10% of cardiac output
  • 30% of cardiac output

    • What is the function of the juxta medullary nephron?

  • Regulation of arterial blood pressure
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Concentration of urine (correct)
  • Formation of urine

    • What is the pressure of the glomerular capillary?

    <p>60mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the peritubular capillary?

    <p>Reabsorption or secretion of filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of filtration?

    <p>Movement of plasma from glomerular capillaries to bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the renin-angiotensin mechanism?

    <p>Regulation of arterial blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the plasma blood flow in the kidney?

    <p>650 ml/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Sertoli cells in providing nutrition to germ cells?

    <p>They contain glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the blood-testis barrier in terms of autoimmune response?

    <p>It prevents the passage of antigenic products to general circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of LH in spermatogenesis?

    <p>It acts on interstitial cells to secrete testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of inhibins?

    <p>It inhibits FSH release from the pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of activins in spermatogenesis?

    <p>It stimulates FSH release from the pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of MIS in embryonic development?

    <p>It inhibits the growth of Mullerian duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aromatase in Sertoli cells?

    <p>It converts androgen to estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of proteolytic enzymes in Sertoli cells?

    <p>It dissolves the barrier near the lumen to release sperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of severe efferent arteriole constriction on renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate?

    <p>Decrease in RBF and GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of estrogen hormone on the uterus?

    <p>Increase uterine blood flow and contraction by increasing actin and myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased colloidal osmotic pressure of glomerular capillary on GFR?

    <p>Decrease in GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of myogenic autoregulation in the kidney?

    <p>To maintain constant GFR despite changes in ABP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of estrogen hormone on the mammary glands?

    <p>Growth of ducts and enlargement of the breast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of estrogen hormone on the cervix?

    <p>Thin alkaline mucous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of decreased Na concentration at the macula densa on GFR?

    <p>Increase in GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

    <p>Reabsorption of Na, amino acids, and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of estrogen hormone on body configuration?

    <p>Narrow shoulder and wide pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of estrogen hormone on skin?

    <p>Soft and smooth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle?

    <p>Hypertonic fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of estrogen hormone on hair?

    <p>Long scalp hair and low body hair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of aldosterone in the distal convoluted tubule?

    <p>Reabsorption of Na in exchange with K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of progesterone hormone on the ovary?

    <p>Inhibit LH and ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the collecting duct?

    <p>Impermeable to water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of progesterone hormone on the fallopian tube?

    <p>Decrease motility and number of cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Fanconi syndrome on proximal tubule function?

    <p>Malabsorption of various electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of tubuloglomerular balance?

    <p>To maintain constant GFR despite changes in ABP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) in terms of glucose metabolism during pregnancy?

    <p>Decrease insulin receptor sensitivity in the mother to increase glucose availability for the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for the relaxation of pelvic ligaments during pregnancy?

    <p>Relaxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the fetus triggers parturition?

    <p>Increase in circulating estrogens and CRH secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of breastfeeding on menstrual cycles in women?

    <p>Breastfeeding induces amenorrhea for 25-30 weeks after delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of oxytocin in lactation?

    <p>Milk ejection and uterine contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy for the mother during pregnancy, as a result of HCS activity?

    <p>Fatty acids from maternal fat stores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of prostaglandins in parturition?

    <p>Stimulation of uterine contractions and cervical ripening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the fetus matures its respiratory system in preparation for birth?

    <p>Maturation of the respiratory system by the increase in labor-inducing oxytocin and prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Kidney Functions

    • Maintenance of constant internal environment through:
      • Excretion of waste products (urea, creatinine)
      • Control of volume and osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid
      • Endocrine functions (renin-angiotensin mechanism, erythropoietin hormone, activation of 1,25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol)
      • Regulation of arterial blood pressure
      • Regulation of acid-base balance
      • Gluconeogenesis

    Functional Unit of the Kidney

    • Nephron: functional unit of the kidney
      • Consists of renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule) and renal tubules (PCT, loop of Henle, DCT)
    • Cortical nephron:
      • Glomeruli close to the surface
      • Short loop of Henle
      • Tubules surrounded by peritubular capillaries
      • Function: formation of urine
    • Juxta medullary nephron:
      • Glomeruli deep near the medulla
      • Long loop of Henle
      • Surrounded by U-shaped peritubular capillary
      • Function: concentration of urine

    Glomerulus

    • Types of capillaries associated with the nephron:
      • Glomerular capillary: high pressure (60mmHg), arises from afferent arteriole
      • Peritubular capillary: low pressure (13mmHg), arises from efferent arteriole

    Factors Affecting GFR

    • Colloidal osmotic pressure of Bowman's capsule:
      • Increased glomerular membrane permeability increases GFR
    • The colloidal osmotic pressure of glomerular capillary:
      • Increased OPGC (as in dehydration) decreases GFR
      • Decreased OPGC (as in hypoproteinemia) increases GFR
    • Hydrostatic pressure of Bowman's capsule:
      • As in urinary tract stone, decreases GFR

    Regulation of Renal Blood Flow

    • Autoregulation:
      • Aim: GFR is kept constant despite changes in ABP between 90-200 mmHg
      • Mechanisms:
        • Myogenic autoregulation
        • Tubuloglomerular balance

    Functions of Proximal Convoluted Tubules

    • Reabsorption of:
      • 60% of Na
      • Glucose, amino acid, phosphate, and bicarbonate
    • Secretion of:
      • H (counter transport with K)
      • Organic substances (bile salts, uric acid, creatinine)
      • Drugs (penicillin, salicylate)

    Functions of Loop of Henle, DCT, and CT

    • Loop of Henle:
      • Thin descending limb: reabsorption of 20% of filtered H2O
      • Thick ascending limb: reabsorption of 30% of Na, K, Cl, and few HCO3
    • DCT:
      • Reabsorption of Na, K, Cl
      • Secretion of H (Na-dependent)
    • CT:
      • Concentration of urine
      • Na reabsorption
      • H secretion (primary active transport)
      • Synthesis of ammonia from glutamine

    Functions of Sertoli Cells

    • Nutrition: contain glycogen for germ cells
    • Protection: of germ cells
    • Phagocytosis: of residual debris
    • Maturation of sperm
    • Secretion of:
      • ABP (androgen binding protein)
      • Activins (activate FSH release from the pituitary)
      • Inhibins (inhibit FSH release from the pituitary)
      • MIS (Mullerian inhibitory substance)
      • SGF (seminiferous tubules growth factor)
      • Estrogen
      • Aromatase (convert androgen to estrogen)
      • Proteolytic enzymes (dissolution of the barrier near the lumen to release sperms)

    Blood-Testis Barrier

    • Formation: tight junction between Sertoli cells
    • Functions:
      • Prevents passage of antigenic products from seminiferous tubules to general circulation
      • Prevents passage of harmful agents from blood to the tubular lumen
      • Allows passage of steroids
      • Allows constant composition of tubular fluid

    Factors Affecting Spermatogenesis (Hormonal)

    • LH:
      • Acts on interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
      • Important for the early stage of spermatogenesis
    • FSH:
      • Acts on Sertoli cells to secrete androgen binding protein
      • Important for the late stage of spermatogenesis
      • Growth and maturation of testis and Sertoli cells
      • Increases the number and activity of cilia

    Estrogen Hormone

    • Actions:
      • 2ry sex organ: uterus, cervix, mammary glands
      • Body configuration, voice, skin, hair
      • Metabolism: protein anabolic on sex organ, bone, salt and water retention, decrease cholesterol
      • Estrogens also increase the proliferation of dendrites on neurons and the number of synaptic knobs

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    Description

    This quiz covers the functions of Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (HCS) and Relaxin in pregnancy, including their roles in glucose provision and pelvic ligament relaxation.

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