Human Physiology Quiz: Nervous and Circulatory Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of sensory neurons?

  • Process information
  • Detect stimuli (correct)
  • Produce a response
  • Relay information to the brain

    • The myelin sheath serves to transmit electrical messages away from the nerve cell.

    False

    Name the three main types of neurons.

    Sensory neuron, Interneuron, Motor neuron

    The two main divisions of the nervous system are the _____ and the _____ nervous systems.

    <p>Central, Peripheral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of the neuron with their functions:

    <p>Dendrites = Receive chemical signals Cell Body = Contains the nucleus &amp; organelles Axon = Carries electrical messages away Terminal Axons = Passes signals to the next cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pH range for blood?

    <p>7.35–7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen-rich blood is dull red in color.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

    <p>To carry oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma is composed of approximately __ percent water.

    <p>90</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood components with their main functions:

    <p>Albumin = Regulates osmotic pressure Clotting proteins = Help to stem blood loss Antibodies = Protect the body from antigens Hemoglobin = Binds oxygen in red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of spinal cord injury results in permanent damage?

    <p>Complete spinal cord injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Veins carry blood away from the heart.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of blood vessels?

    <p>Arteries, veins, capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The walls of arteries are _____ and contain a lot of elastic tissue.

    <p>thick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each blood vessel type with its characteristic:

    <p>Arteries = Carry blood away from the heart Veins = Carry blood back to the heart Capillaries = Link arteries and veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does aldosterone play in kidney function?

    <p>It helps regulate blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Capillaries are thick-walled vessels that facilitate rapid blood flow.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one function of blood.

    <p>Transport of dissolved substances or Regulation of pH and ions or any other function listed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of leukocyte levels in the blood?

    <p>4,000 to 11,000 cells/ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukopenia indicates an increase in leukocyte levels in the blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of leukocyte is primarily involved in the immune response?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and _____ .

    <p>basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following leukocyte types with their characteristics:

    <p>Neutrophils = Multilobed nucleus, phagocytic Eosinophils = Large brick-red granules, responds to allergies Basophils = Histamine-containing granules, initiates inflammation Monocytes = Largest white blood cell, functions as macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is known as the main control center?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Peripheral Nervous System connects the Central Nervous System to all organ systems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major subdivisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?

    <p>Somatic and Autonomic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ controls breathing, heart rate, and other involuntary actions.

    <p>brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the Central Nervous System with their functions:

    <p>Cerebellum = Coordinates movement and balance Cerebrum = Voluntary activity and sensory processing Brain Stem = Controls involuntary actions like breathing Spinal Cord = Relays signals between the brain and body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons are responsible for carrying signals to stimulate a response?

    <p>Motor Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The autonomic nervous system includes both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of sensory neurons?

    <p>To detect stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of albumin in blood plasma?

    <p>Regulate osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the color of oxygen-poor blood?

    <p>Dull red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood plasma constitutes the majority by volume?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of erythrocytes?

    <p>Are biconcave disks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many oxygen binding sites does each hemoglobin molecule have?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of glial cells in the nervous system?

    <p>Provide support and protection for neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron is primarily responsible for carrying electrical messages away from the cell body?

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of events when a reflex occurs after stepping on a nail?

    <p>Stimulus is detected by sensory neurons, then transmitted to the brain and back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes a sensory neuron?

    <p>It detects stimuli from the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the nervous system, what role does the myelin sheath play?

    <p>Provides insulation and speeds up nerve signal transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by leukocyte levels above 11,000 cells/ml?

    <p>Leukocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocyte type is primarily responsible for initiating inflammation?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of hematopoiesis in the body?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukocyte plays an important role in the immune response?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common characteristic differentiates granulocytes from agranulocytes?

    <p>Ability to stain cytoplasm granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cerebellum in the brain?

    <p>Coordination of movement and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the Peripheral Nervous System is responsible for involuntary movements?

    <p>Autonomic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the spinal cord play in the Central Nervous System?

    <p>Connects and relays nerve impulses to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the sympathetic nervous system is true?

    <p>It prepares the body for fight or flight situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main types of neurons are present in the Peripheral Nervous System?

    <p>Motor Neurons and Sensory Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT associated with the brain stem?

    <p>Voluntary movement control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tract in the spinal cord helps in communication between its parts?

    <p>Dorso-lateral tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of arteries that differentiates them from veins?

    <p>They generally have thicker muscular walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do veins facilitate the return of blood to the heart?

    <p>By containing valves to prevent backflow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the brain's lobes?

    <p>Processing and responding to sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does kidney damage have on blood pressure regulation?

    <p>It can contribute to uncontrolled high blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of capillaries in the circulatory system?

    <p>They connect arteries and veins and allow for substance exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the composition of blood?

    <p>Cells suspended in a fluid matrix called plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of blood helps in defending against pathogens?

    <p>Defense against toxins and pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pressure in blood as it moves through capillaries?

    <p>Pressure falls as blood passes along capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes a complete spinal cord injury?

    <p>It results in permanent damage and loss of function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The myelin sheath protects the dendrites of a neuron.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neuron is responsible for transmitting signals to the brain?

    <p>Sensory neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The functional unit of the nervous system is the __________.

    <p>neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of leukocytes in the blood?

    <p>Defend against disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen-poor blood is bright red in color.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range that blood must remain within?

    <p>7.35 - 7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three classes of formed elements in blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and _____ .

    <p>thrombocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does leukocytosis generally indicate?

    <p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils are primarily responsible for initiating inflammation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hematopoiesis occurs in the __________.

    <p>red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of leukocytes with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Neutrophils = Act as phagocytes at infection sites Eosinophils = Respond to allergies and parasites Basophils = Initiate inflammation Lymphocytes = Play an important role in the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of arteries?

    <p>To carry blood away from the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Capillaries have thick walls to facilitate rapid blood flow.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from a complete spinal cord injury?

    <p>Paraplegia or tetraplegia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ prevents backflow of blood in veins.

    <p>valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each blood vessel type with its function:

    <p>Arteries = Carry blood away from the heart Veins = Carry blood back to the heart Capillaries = Link arteries and veins All of the above = Transport blood throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood component is primarily responsible for fighting infections?

    <p>White blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aldosterone helps the kidneys regulate blood pressure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do kidneys have in blood pressure regulation?

    <p>They respond to aldosterone to help regulate blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating movement and maintaining balance?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The autonomic nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two primary types of neurons in the Peripheral Nervous System?

    <p>Sensory neurons and motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ nervous system is part of the Peripheral Nervous System and is responsible for voluntary movements.

    <p>Somatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the brainstem serve?

    <p>Regulate heartbeat and breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the Peripheral Nervous System with their functions:

    <p>Sensory Neurons = Detect stimuli Motor Neurons = Carry signals for responses Somatic Nervous System = Control voluntary movements Autonomic Nervous System = Control involuntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medulla oblongata is part of the spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Pons in the brain?

    <p>Breathing and regulating heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of interneurons is to pass messages directly from the sensory neurons to the motor neurons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axon is a long extension of a neuron that carries electrical messages away from the cell body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glial cells are primarily responsible for sending electrochemical messages throughout the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reflex actions are unintentional and require a conscious decision from the brain to occur.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The myelin sheath acts as a protective covering for the dendrites of neurons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen-poor blood is scarlet red in color.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pH of blood must remain between 6.5 and 7.5.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main function of erythrocytes is to carry carbon dioxide.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Albumin, which constitutes 60% of plasma proteins, regulates osmotic pressure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukocytes are anucleate cells responsible for defending the body against disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal range for leukocyte levels in the blood is 4,000 to 11,000 cells/ml.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils are responsible for allergic reactions and responses to parasitic worms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Agranulocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Central Nervous System includes the brain and the spinal cord.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensory neurons are responsible for involuntary movement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The autonomic nervous system controls conscious actions such as balance and movement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medulla oblongata is a part of the brain stem that controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebellum is responsible for high-level cognitive functions like language and memory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A complete spinal cord injury results in temporary damage to the affected area.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to the Pons can disrupt basic life-sustaining functions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arteries carry blood back to the heart.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spinal cord is known as the 'information superhighway'.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Veins have thicker walls compared to arteries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intersegmental tracts in the spinal cord allow communication between different segments of the cord.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Capillaries are crucial for linking arteries and veins in tissues.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood flow through veins is under high pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood contains elastic tissue primarily in capillaries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The function of blood includes defense against pathogens.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nervous System Overview

    • The nervous system is a complex network of nerve tissue.
    • It includes the central nervous system (CNS) - brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) - nerves extending from the spinal cord.
    • The PNS carries signals between the CNS and other parts of the body.

    Four Primary Functions

    • Sensing the world: Vision, Hearing, Smell, Taste, and Touch
    • Transmitting information
    • Processing information
    • Producing a response

    Functional Unit - Neuron

    • The neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system.
    • Neurons send electrochemical messages throughout the body.
    • Glial cells support and protect neurons.

    Parts of a Neuron

    • Dendrite: Receives chemical signals from neighboring cells.
    • Cell Body: Contains the nucleus and organelles.
    • Axon: Carries electrical messages away from the cell body.
    • Node of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon.
    • Myelin Sheath: Protective covering for the axon.
    • Schwann cell: Produces myelin.
    • Axon Terminal: Passes the signal to the next cell.

    Types of Neurons

    • Sensory Neurons: Detect stimuli.
    • Interneurons: Relay sensory signals to the brain and return messages back to motor neurons.
    • Motor Neurons: Carry signals from the brain to the rest of the body to cause a muscle response.

    Reflexes

    • Reflexes are automatic responses.
    • A stimulus triggers a sensory neuron.
    • Information travels to the spinal cord, where an interneuron is stimulated.
    • The interneuron sends a signal to the brain.
    • The brain sends a signal back via a motor neuron causing a response.

    Divisions of the Nervous System

    • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All other nerves.

    Parts of the Brain

    • Cerebrum: Voluntary activity, memory, language, receiving and responding to sensory signals, and controlling motor functions.
    • Cerebellum: Coordinates movement, maintains posture, muscle control and balance.
    • Brain Stem and Pons: Swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, breathing, heart rate, and internal organs.
    • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Protects the CNS, provides nutrients, and removes waste.

    Other Key Concepts

    • Damage to specific brain regions can lead to amnesia or emotional disturbances.
    • A complete spinal cord injury can cause permanent damage to the area affected.
    • The spinal cord is enclosed in the vertebral column.

    Heart

    • The heart is surrounded by a membrane called the Pericardium.

    Heart Wall

    • Endocardium: Deepest layer of the heart, smooth lining to reduce blood flow friction.
    • Myocardium: Middle layer of the heart, location of muscle fibers responsible for pumping.
    • Pericardium: Outer protective layer, composed of visceral pericardium, paricardial cavity, and parietal pericardium.

    Blood Vessels

    • Types of blood vessels: Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries.

    Arteries

    • Carry blood away from the heart.
    • Thick muscular walls, lots of elastic tissue, small lumen.
    • Blood under high pressure, rapid blood flow, pulses.
    • No valves.

    Veins

    • Carry blood back to the heart.
    • Thin muscular walls, little elastic tissue, large lumen.
    • Blood under low pressure, slow blood flow, no pulses.
    • Valves prevent backflow.

    Capillaries

    • Link arteries and veins in tissues.
    • No muscle, one-cell thick endothelium walls.
    • Pressure gradually decreases as blood flows along capillaries.
    • No valves; lumen just wide enough for red blood cells to pass through.

    Blood

    • Blood transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes carbon dioxide and other waste products.
    • Composed of plasma (mostly water) and formed elements (blood cells and platelets).
    • Blood contains dissolved substances, gases, nutrients, waste products.

    Plasma Proteins

    • Albumin: Regulates osmotic pressure.
    • Clotting Proteins: Help stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured.
    • Antibodies: Protect the body from antigens.

    The Formed Elements

    • Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): Carry oxygen, biconcave disks, essentially bags of hemoglobin, anucleate.
    • Hemoglobin: Iron-containing protein that binds oxygen.
    • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells): Crucial in defense against disease, move into and out of blood vessels, respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues.
    • Granulocytes: Contain granules in their cytoplasm (e.g., neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils).
    • Agranulocytes: Do not contain granules (e.g., lymphocytes, monocytes).

    Hematopoiesis

    • Occurs in red bone marrow.
    • All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (hemocyto).

    Blood's Functions

    • Transports dissolved substances.
    • Regulates pH and ions.
    • Restricts fluid loss at injury sites.
    • Defends against toxins and pathogens.
    • Stabilizes body temperature.

    Physical Characteristics of Blood

    • Color ranges from scarlet red (oxygen rich) to dull red (oxygen poor).
    • pH of 7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline).
    • Slightly higher temperature than body temperature.
    • 5-6 liters in volume.

    3 Main Circulatory Circuits

    • Pulmonary Circulation: Blood flow between the heart and lungs where gas exchange occurs.
    • Coronary Circulation: Blood flow within the heart muscle itself.
    • Systemic Circulation: Blood flow to the body tissues.

    Heart Rate

    • An ECG measures the heart's electrical activity.
    • Normal resting heart rate is 70 beats per minute.
    • Heart rate fluctuation is affected by factors such as exercise, sleep, emotion, and drugs.

    Kidney Role in Blood Pressure

    • Healthy, functioning kidneys react to the hormone aldosterone.
    • Aldosterone helps regulate blood pressure.
    • Kidney damage and uncontrolled high blood pressure create a negative feedback loop damaging arteries and causing kidney failure.

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