Stanbridge - T1 - Physiology - W1 - Chemistry, Physics, & Cells

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes in cellular processes?

Transport proteins to the cell membrane

Digest biological molecules and degrade old organelles (correct)

Synthesize proteins from amino acids

Store genetic material for cell regulation

Which of the following best describes the role of the Golgi apparatus?

Receives, modifies, and packages proteins for transport (correct)

Stores energy-rich molecules and regulates metabolism

Synthesizes fatty acids and detoxifies harmful substances

Breaks down cellular components for recycling

How do peroxisomes contribute to homeostasis within the cell?

By synthesizing proteins to replace damaged organelles

By digesting old cells and releasing waste into the bloodstream

By breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances (correct)

By controlling the flow of ions across the cell membrane

Which of the following activities is NOT a function of lysosomes?

Transporting synthesized proteins to the rough ER Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between lysosomes and peroxisomes?

Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes, while peroxisomes contain oxidases Signup and view all the answers

What defines a compound in chemistry?

A molecule that contains at least two different elements. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mixture is characterized by solute particles that do not settle out?

Colloid Signup and view all the answers

In a chemical reaction, what are reactants?

The number and kind of reacting substances. Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction is characterized by the formation of larger, more complex molecules?

Synthesis Reaction Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in a decomposition reaction?

Larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an anabolic reaction?

A reaction that involves the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about exchange reactions is correct?

They involve both synthesis and decomposition. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a solution is present in the greatest amount?

Solvent Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of a suspension mixture?

Large, visible solute particles that settle out. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for chemical equations to be balanced?

To show an equal number of reactants and products. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of negative feedback loops in maintaining homeostasis?

To maintain balance by reducing the original effect of the stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a survival need for the body?

Hormones Signup and view all the answers

In a normal physiological response involving a negative feedback loop, what occurs first?

Receptors detect a change in physiology. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a positive feedback loop?

It enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples best illustrates a negative feedback loop in human physiology?

Increased body temperature leading to sweating. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the effector in a negative feedback loop?

To execute the response determined by the control center. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common example of a positive feedback process?

Enhancement of uterine contractions during labor. Signup and view all the answers

Why is homeostasis essential for the body?

It ensures internal conditions remain stable despite changes in the environment. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is an example of homeostatic imbalance?

Toxic build-up in the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

How does the body respond when blood glucose levels rise?

The pancreas releases insulin to increase glucose uptake. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does aging have on homeostasis?

It often leads to decreased efficiency and increased risk of imbalance. Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback loop is primarily responsible for quick physiological responses to changes?

Negative feedback loops that stabilize conditions. Signup and view all the answers

In which type of feedback loop does the body tend to move away from homeostasis?

Positive feedback loop Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of anatomy?

Study of structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest level of structural organization in living organisms?

Organ System Level Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lists the necessary functions of life?

Respiration, metabolism, blood circulation Signup and view all the answers

Which body cavity primarily houses vital organs involved in digestion and reproduction?

Abdominopelvic Cavity Signup and view all the answers

What sets apart physiological studies from anatomical studies?

Physiology examines the function of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of mitochondria within a cell?

Produce most of the cell's ATP through cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which level of structural organization involves groups of similar cells working together?

Tissue Level Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in protein synthesis?

Rough ER Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between homeostasis and feedback loops?

Negative feedback loops help regulate homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in cells?

Lipid synthesis and detoxification Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus?

Endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

Ribosomes can be found in which form within the cell?

Both free floating and bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

What does the cranial cavity primarily contain?

Brain Signup and view all the answers

Which cavity contains the heart and lungs?

Mediastinum Signup and view all the answers

What type of membrane lines the internal body cavity walls?

Parietal serosa Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is part of the ventral body cavity?

Thoracic cavity Signup and view all the answers

What fills the cavity between the layers of serous membrane?

Serous fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which cavity is responsible for housing the digestive viscera?

Abdominal cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is the inner layer of the serous membrane that covers internal organs called?

Visceral serosa Signup and view all the answers

Which body cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm?

Thoracic cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which cavity contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs?

Pelvic cavity Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature characterizes DNA?

Double helix structure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of RNA?

Carries out orders from DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogen bases are classified as purines in DNA?

Adenine and guanine Signup and view all the answers

What role does cholesterol play in the cell membrane?

Maintains the membrane's fluidity Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the cell is ATP primarily produced?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of membrane proteins?

Facilitate communication and transport Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule primarily composes the cell membrane?

Lipids Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying amino acids during protein synthesis?

Transfer RNA (tRNA) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

Dynamic arrangement of lipids and proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?

Controls cellular activity Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution with a pH of 5 compared to a solution with a pH of 9?

The concentration of H+ is higher in the pH 5 solution. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes acids?

Acids donate protons to solutions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of inorganic compounds?

They can include water and salts. Signup and view all the answers

What role do buffers play in the body?

They resist large changes in pH. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical pH range for basic solutions?

7.01-14 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly categorizes carbohydrates?

Organic compounds. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it critical for pH levels to be regulated in the body?

pH changes can disrupt cellular functions. Signup and view all the answers

How do salts behave when dissolved in water?

They dissociate into ions. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the pH scale is true?

A pH of 7 indicates a neutral solution. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the hydrolysis of ATP and glucose?

It produces glucose-6-phosphate. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Physiology Lecture 1aP

Course details: Human Physiology, 16th Edition, by Fox, Stuart; Rompolski, Krista, McGraw-Hill 2022
Lecture focus: Introduction to the human body, levels of structural organization, necessary life functions, interdependence of body cells, major organ systems and the function of each, survival needs and homeostasis.

Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Lecture Objectives:
- Define anatomy versus physiology
- List the necessary functions of "life" and survival needs
- Learn the structural levels of organization of living things
- List the main organ systems of the human body and include organs and various functions of each
- Understand negative and positive feedback loops and their relationship to homeostasis
- List the body cavities and their components
- List the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants
- List the 9 abdominopelvic regions

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy: The study of structure and arrangement of parts or elements of something complex. Looks at what something is.
Physiology: The study of function of the body (special, normal, or proper action of any part or organ). Looks at what something does.

Levels of Structural Organization

Chemical Level: Atoms and molecules combine to form molecules
Cellular Level: Organelles and cells
Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells
Organ Level: Two or more tissue types forming organs
Organ System Level: Organs working together
Organism Level: All organ systems working together

Necessary Life Functions

Maintaining boundaries: Internal and external environments (e.g., skin)
Movement: Contractility (e.g., skeletal muscle)
Responsiveness: Central Nervous System (e.g., getting out of harms way)
Digestion: Breakdown and absorb food
Metabolism: Anabolism and Catabolism
Excretion: Respiratory system (e.g., exhaling CO2)
Reproduction: Cellular division
Growth: Increased size of organism

Interdependence of Body Cells

Humans are multi-cellular
Different organ systems contribute to necessary bodily functions
These systems work together

Body's Organ Systems and Major Functions of Each

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic and immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Male reproductive
Female reproductive

Integumentary System

Forms external body covering and protects deeper tissues
Synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptors
Provides protection from injury, skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands

Skeletal System

Protects, supports body organs
Provides a framework for muscles to cause movement
Blood cells are formed within bones
Bones store minerals

Muscular System

Allows locomotion and facial expression
Maintains posture and produces heat

Nervous System

Fast-acting control system of the body
Responds to internal and external changes
Activates appropriate muscles and glands

Endocrine System

Glands that secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism

Cardiovascular System

Blood vessels transport blood (carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes)

Lymphatic System/Immunity

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
Disposes of debris
Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) for immunity and attacks foreign substances

Respiratory System

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Disposes of debris

Digestive System

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter blood
Eliminates undigested foodstuffs

Urinary System

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood

Male Reproductive System

Production of offspring
Testes produce sperm and sex hormone
Ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract

Female Reproductive System

Production of offspring
Ovaries produce eggs and sex hormone
Sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
Mammary glands produce milk to nourish newborn

Survival Needs

Nutrients (carbohydrates, protein, fat)
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temperature
Appropriate atmospheric pressure

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is "staying the same" Maintaining relatively stable conditions
Dynamic (changeable) state of equilibrium
Maintained by the contributions of all organ systems
Achieved by feedback loops

Feedback Loops

Negative Feedback Loops: Maintain homeostasis (more stable); the output reduces the original effect of the stimulus.
Positive Feedback Loops: Away from homeostasis (less stable); the output enhances the original stimulus.

Negative Feedback Loops

Receptor: Monitors environment, responds to stimuli, sends information via afferent pathway to control center
Control Center: Determines set point or range, analyses input, determines response, sends information via efferent pathway to effector
Effector: Follows response from control center (e.g., blood glucose regulation, body temperature)
Afferent pathway: Sensory nerves; toward central nervous system
Efferent pathway: Motor nerves; away from central nervous system

Positive Feedback Loops

Response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus
May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect Examples: childbirth, blood clotting, lactation

Homeostatic Imbalance

Most diseases are a result of a disturbance of homeostasis or from homeostatic imbalance
Increasing age → less efficient body systems → increased risk of homeostatic imbalance
Negative feedback loops become less active in a process compared to positive feedback loops.

Body Cavities

Many organs are contained in membrane-lined body cavities
Two sets of internal body cavities: Dorsal (posterior) and Ventral (anterior)
Dorsal: Protects nervous system; subdivisions: Cranial cavity (encases brain) and Vertebral cavity (encases spinal cord)
Ventral: Houses internal organs (viscera); subdivisions: Thoracic cavity (heart and lungs), Abdominopelvic cavity (digestive viscera, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum).
Serous membrane (serosa): Thin, double-layered membrane; lines internal body cavity and covers internal organs. Layers are separated by serous fluid (secreted by both layers of membrane).
Other body cavities (exposed to environment): Oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear; synovial (not exposed to environment)

Abdominopelvic Quadrants/Regions

Quadrants: Right upper (RUQ), Right lower (RLQ), Left upper (LUQ), Left lower (LLQ)
Regions: Right hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left hypochondriac, Right lumbar, Umbilical, Left lumbar, Right iliac (inguinal), Hypogastric, Left iliac (inguinal)

Chemistry, Biochemistry, Physics Lecture 1bP

Course details: Fox, Chapter 2
Lecture focus: Matter, energy, elements, atoms, and mixtures, chemical bonding, chemical reactions, organic and inorganic compounds, salts, acids and bases, pH, and pH homeostasis, and macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids).
Objectives for Lecture 1bP: Describe matter, energy, elements, atoms, and mixtures Understand the difference between different types of chemical bonding and chemical reactions Describe and explain organic compounds, biochemistry, and examples of each type of macromolecules Describe the role of adenosine triphosphate and the energy it carries

Matter

Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space; composed of elements
Weight: Pull of gravity on matter
States of Matter: Solid (definite shape and volume), Liquid (changeable shape; definite volume), Gas (changeable shape and volume)

Energy

Energy = Capacity to do work or put matter into motion
Kinetic Energy: Energy in action
Potential Energy: Stored energy (inactive)
Energy can be transferred from potential to Kinetic energy

Major Elements of the Human Body

4 elements make up 96.1% of body mass: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N)
[List of elements that make up 3.9% of the human body]

Atomic Structure

Atoms: Building blocks of elements
Composition: Nucleus & electron cloud
Protons (positive charge), in nucleus
Neutrons (no charge), in nucleus
Electrons (negative charge)

Combining Matter: Molecules and Compounds

Molecule: Two or more atoms bonded together. Smallest particle of a compound retaining specific characteristics of the compound. Atoms that can be the same (e.g., O₂) or different (e.g., H₂O).
Compound: A molecule containing at least two different elements. Two or more different atoms bonded together (e.g., C₆H₁₂O₆).

Mixtures

Mixtures: Two or more components intermixed; types include solutions, colloids, and suspensions.
A. Solution: Homogenous mixture, same composition throughout; solute (present in smaller amounts), solvent (present in greatest amount, usually a liquid).
B. Colloid: Large solute particles that do not settle out; scatter light.
C. Suspension: Large, visible solutes that settle out, scatter light

Chemical Reactions

Occur when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken
Chemical equations contain: reactants(starting substances), products (resulting substances).

Synthesis Reactions

Building up reactions
Anabolic reactions: Atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule
Bond formation in the process
Reactants are smaller, products are larger

Decomposition Reactions

Molecule broken down into smaller molecules or atoms
Breaking of bonds
Catabolic reactions
Balanced equation is required
Reactants are larger, products are smaller

Exchange Reactions

Involve synthesis and decomposition reactions
Bonds made and broken
Equation must be balanced (ex. ATP + glucose ⇒ ADP + Glucose-phosphate)

Biochemistry

Study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter
All chemicals are either organic or inorganic.
Organic: Contain carbon (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids).
Inorganic: Does not contain carbon (water, salts, acids, bases).

Salts

Ionic compounds that dissociate into ions in water
Ions (electrolytes) conduct electrical currents in solution

Acids and Bases

Electrolytes that ionize and dissolve in water
Acids: Proton donors, release hydrogen ions (H+) in solution (e.g., HCl ⇒ H+ + Cl-)
Bases: Proton acceptors, take H+ up from solution (e.g., NaOH ⇒ Na+ + OH-)

Acid-Base Concentration and pH

Free H+ of a solution are measured on a pH scale (0-14).
Neutral solutions have equal H+ and OH-. pH of 7
Acidic solutions have ↑[H+]; low pH (0-6.99)
Basic solutions have ↓[H+]; high pH (7.01-14)

Organic Compounds

Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

Contain sugars and starches, contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
Monosaccharides (“one sugar”)
Disaccharides (“two sugars”)
Polysaccharides (“many sugars”)
Major source of cellular energy (ex., glucose)
Structural molecules (e.g., DNA)

Lipids

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Sometimes phosphorus
Insoluble in water
Triglycerides (glycerol + 3 fatty acids)
Phospholipids (glycerol head + 2 fatty acid tails + phosphorus group)
Steroids (interlocking 4-ring structure, e.g., cholesterol)
Eicosanoids (derived from fatty acids, e.g., prostaglandins)

Proteins

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes sulfur and phosphorus; polymers made of amino acids. 20 different amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Form polypeptide chains. Specific length and folding for function.
- Structural proteins (e.g., collagen)
- Enzymes
- Transport proteins (e.g., hemoglobin)
- Contractile proteins
- Communication proteins
- Defensive proteins

Enzymes

Globular proteins that function as biological catalysts.
Regulate and increase the speed of chemical reactions.
Act on specific substrates.
Usually end in "-ase".

Nucleic Acids

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid) are largest molecules in the body; contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous.
- DNA: double stranded helical molecule in nucleus; instruction for protein synthesis
- RNA: single stranded (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), carries out orders from DNA.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Chemical energy for cell reactions
Adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with 2 additional phosphate groups
Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds; released during phosphorylation

Cell Theory

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
The smallest unit of life.
Cells only arise from pre-existing cells (not from non-living materials)

Cells (Human)

Over 250 different types in the human body
Vary in size, shape, components, and functions

Cellular Structure

Plasma membrane: Outer boundary (phospholipid bilayer).
Cytoplasm: Contains intracellular fluid, organelles.
Nucleus: Controls cell's activities; encloses nucleoplasm.

Plasma Membrane (cont.)

Phospholipid bilayer, proteins embedded, cholesterol for fluidity
Carbohydrate chains on exterior (glycocalyx)
- Integral Proteins: Span membrane; form channels/carriers/receptors.
- Peripheral Proteins: Attached to integral proteins; support structure and link cells.

Cytoplasmic Organelles (cont.)

Mitochondria: Double membrane; cellular respiration (ATP production)
Ribosomes: Protein synthesis, free or bound to rough ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Interconnected sacs/tubes; protein and lipid synthesis, transport.
- Rough ER: Protein synthesis (ribosomes).
- Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis, detoxification.
Golgi apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins into vesicles
Peroxisomes: Contain enzymes to breakdown fatty acids, neutralize toxic substances.
Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes; break down/recycle cellular debris.
Cytoskeleton: Proteins (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules) for cell support and movement

Nucleus (Structure)

Nuclear membrane/envelope: double membrane encloses nucleoplasm, continuous with rough ER, contains nuclear pores
Nucleoli: Ribosome subunit assembly sites
Chromatin: DNA and histone proteins; condenses into chromosomes during division.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Explore the foundations of Human Physiology in this quiz based on Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation. Delve into topics such as the definitions of anatomy and physiology, levels of structural organization, major organ systems, and the concepts of homeostasis. Test your understanding of the necessary life functions and the interdependence of body cells.