Stanbridge - T1 - Physiology - W1 - Chemistry, Physics, & Cells

<p>Transporting synthesized proteins to the rough ER (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes, while peroxisomes contain oxidases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A molecule that contains at least two different elements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colloid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number and kind of reacting substances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis Reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A reaction that involves the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They involve both synthesis and decomposition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solvent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large, visible solute particles that settle out. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To show an equal number of reactants and products. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain balance by reducing the original effect of the stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receptors detect a change in physiology. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased body temperature leading to sweating. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To execute the response determined by the control center. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhancement of uterine contractions during labor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures internal conditions remain stable despite changes in the environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Toxic build-up in the bloodstream. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pancreas releases insulin to increase glucose uptake. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It often leads to decreased efficiency and increased risk of imbalance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback loops that stabilize conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive feedback loop (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Study of structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organ System Level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiration, metabolism, blood circulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abdominopelvic Cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physiology examines the function of the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produce most of the cell's ATP through cellular respiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissue Level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rough ER (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback loops help regulate homeostasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipid synthesis and detoxification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endoplasmic reticulum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both free floating and bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mediastinum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parietal serosa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thoracic cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serous fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abdominal cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visceral serosa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thoracic cavity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pelvic cavity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Double helix structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carries out orders from DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenine and guanine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintains the membrane's fluidity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitate communication and transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transfer RNA (tRNA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic arrangement of lipids and proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controls cellular activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concentration of H+ is higher in the pH 5 solution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acids donate protons to solutions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can include water and salts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They resist large changes in pH. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7.01-14 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organic compounds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pH changes can disrupt cellular functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They dissociate into ions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pH of 7 indicates a neutral solution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It produces glucose-6-phosphate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Receives, modifies, and packages proteins for transport.

Membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes to break down biological molecules, digest particles, and cellular debris.

Breaks down materials engulfed by the cell (endocytosis), cellular waste, and damaged organelles; releases calcium from bone.

Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances using enzymes like oxidases and catalases.

Proteins are initially processed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then get further processed and packaged in the Golgi apparatus.

A molecule containing at least two different elements bonded together.

Two or more components intermixed, not chemically bonded.

A homogeneous mixture with the same composition throughout.

The substance present in the greatest amount in a solution, usually a liquid.

The substance present in smaller amounts in a solution.

A mixture with large solute particles that do not settle out.

A mixture with large particles that settle out.

Process where chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken.

A reaction where atoms or molecules combine to form a larger one.

A reaction where a molecule breaks down into smaller parts.

All organ systems working together in a human being.

Basic processes like maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism etc, required to sustain life.

Maintaining a difference between the internal and external environments, keeping harmful things out.

Ability of the body parts to move.

Ability to sense and react to changes in the environment.

Breakdown and absorption of food.

Chemical processes in the body, including anabolism (building) and catabolism (breaking down).

Removing waste products from the body.

Creating new organisms, at a cellular or organism level.

Increase in the size of an organism.

Different organ systems working together to support bodily functions.

Maintaining stable internal conditions in the body.

Body maintains homeostasis by reducing the initial stimulus.

Enhances the initial stimulus, leading to a greater response.

Disruption of homeostasis, often leading to disease.

Essential substances and conditions for life.

Anatomy focuses on the structure of the body, while physiology studies its function.

The body is organized into different levels: Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism.

Groups of organs working together to perform specific functions, e.g., circulatory system, respiratory system, nervous system.

A mechanism that reduces the initial stimulus, bringing the body back to homeostasis.

A mechanism that enhances the initial stimulus, amplifying the response.

Spaces within the body that house and protect organs. Major cavities include the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity.

The dorsal body cavity protects the nervous system and contains the cranial cavity (brain) and the vertebral cavity (spinal cord).

The ventral body cavity houses the internal organs and is subdivided into the thoracic cavity (heart and lungs) and the abdominopelvic cavity (digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs).

The thoracic cavity is located in the chest and encases the heart and lungs, separated by the mediastinum.

A thin double-layered membrane that lines internal body cavity walls (parietal layer) and covers internal organs (visceral layer).

The outer layer of the serous membrane that lines the internal body cavity walls.

The inner layer of the serous membrane that covers internal organs.

A lubricating fluid secreted by the serous membrane that allows organs to move freely within the body cavity.

The study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter.

Compounds that contain carbon, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Compounds that do not contain carbon, like water, salts, acids, and bases.

Proton donors that release hydrogen ions (H+) in solution, making the solution acidic.

Proton acceptors that take up hydrogen ions (H+) from solution, making the solution basic.

Measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly basic).

Has equal numbers of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxyl ions (OH-), with a pH of 7.

Has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and a pH below 7.

Has a lower concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and a pH above 7.

Microvilli are finger-like projections on the cell membrane that increase surface area for absorption. They're found in areas like the small intestines where nutrient uptake is critical.

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, producing ATP (energy) through cellular respiration. They use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide as a byproduct.

Rough ER is studded with ribosomes and is responsible for protein synthesis, especially for export outside the cell.

Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and plays a role in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.

Enzymes that belong to a broad class of proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions. Their names often end in '-ase'.

Hydrolases break down molecules by adding water (hydrolysis). Oxidases add oxygen to a molecule (oxidation).

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are the two primary nucleic acids. They are the largest molecules in the body, responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.

DNA uses four nitrogen bases: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Thymine (T). Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine.

RNA also four nitrogen bases: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Uracil (U). Adenine pairs with Uracil, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy currency of cells. It's an adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with two extra phosphate groups.

Phosphorylation is the process of transferring a phosphate group from ATP to other molecules. This energizes the molecules to perform cellular work.

The plasma membrane, also called the cell membrane, acts as a barrier between the inside and outside of a cell. It is made up of a phospholipid bilayer.

The Fluid Mosaic Model describes the structure of the plasma membrane. It's a flexible, ever-changing structure with proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.

The three main components of a human cell are the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus.

The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It contains the cell's genetic material (DNA), which directs protein synthesis and other essential cellular activities.