Human Physiology: Body Water and Compartments
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of total body water does an average adult female have?

  • 60%
  • 50% (correct)
  • 75%
  • 40%

    • Which cation is primarily found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?

  • Magnesium (Mg)
  • Potassium (K)
  • Calcium (Ca)
  • Sodium (Na) (correct)

    • What is the method used to determine the volumes of body compartments using an indicator?

  • Fick's principle (correct)
  • Osmometric method
  • Body mass index calculation
  • Indicator dilution technique

    • What is the main anion in intracellular fluid (ICF)?

    <p>Phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is essential for maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Stable concentration of ions and gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is the 'effector' in the homeostasis control system?

    <p>Organ that responds to the control center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feedback mechanism is involved in rapidly completing processes?

    <p>Positive feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason albumin is considered the most important plasma protein?

    <p>It has the highest concentration in plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily determines the viscosity of plasma?

    <p>The number of red blood cells and plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about osmotic pressure is incorrect?

    <p>It is solely dependent on the size of the substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do gamma-globulins play in the blood?

    <p>They provide humoral immunity against microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does anemia affect blood viscosity?

    <p>It decreases viscosity due to a lower number of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do albumin and globulin proteins primarily serve in transport?

    <p>They act as carriers for hormones and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases blood viscosity?

    <p>Decreased plasma protein concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do plasma proteins influence capillary function?

    <p>They partially block capillary membrane pores, decreasing permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is primarily associated with the blood clotting process?

    <p>Fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary buffering system of blood composed of?

    <p>Weak acid and strong base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pH of blood maintained by the buffer system?

    <p>7.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood acts as a weak acid in the buffering system?

    <p>Plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors will decrease the red blood cell count?

    <p>Old age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>Carrying oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hematocrit value a measure of?

    <p>Volume of red blood cells in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of adult hemoglobin A1?

    <p>2 alpha and 2 beta chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) compared to adult hemoglobin (HbA)?

    <p>Higher affinity for oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte is primarily contained in red blood cells for effective function?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of proteins are negatively charged and act as weak acids in normal blood?

    <p>Plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary fate of hemoglobin released from ruptured erythrocytes in the spleen?

    <p>It is broken down into globin and heme components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most likely to cause an increase in erythropoietin production?

    <p>High altitude exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hypersplenism affect blood cell populations?

    <p>It results in an overall decrease in blood cell lifespan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of splenectomy on blood cells?

    <p>There is an increased risk of infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the body is the primary site of erythropoiesis after the 20th year of life?

    <p>The bone marrow of the membranous bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which oxygen attaches to hemoglobin?

    <p>Oxygenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does carbon monoxide affect hemoglobin?

    <p>It competes with oxygen for binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results from the congenital absence of met-hemoglobin reductase?

    <p>Hereditary met-hemoglobinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs)?

    <p>Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hemoglobin in buffering capacity compared to plasma proteins?

    <p>Hemoglobin buffers six times more effectively than plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT an advantage of the biconcave shape of red blood cells?

    <p>Higher hemoglobin content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to hemoglobin in the presence of strong oxidizing agents?

    <p>It is converted to ferric iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component that CO2 binds to within hemoglobin?

    <p>Amino groups of polypeptide chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the interchange between HbF and HbA after birth?

    <p>HbF is gradually replaced by HbA within four months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of met-hemoglobin on oxygen transport?

    <p>It decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Human Physiology

    • Study of organ functions, systems, and their integration and control.
    • Total Body Water (TBW) is 60% of total body weight.
      • Infants (75%)
      • Females and obese (50%)

    Compartments

    • Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
      • 2/3 (40%) of TBW
      • Contains K⁺ and Mg²⁺, Phosphate, and proteins
    • Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
      • 1/3 (20%) of TBW
      • Subdivisions:
        • Intravascular Fluid (Plasma) (5%)
        • Interstitial Fluid (ISF) (15%)
        • Contains Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻, and HCO₃⁻

    Determination of Water Volumes (Fick's Principle)

    • Method:
      • Inject an inert, nontoxic, non-utilized indicator intravenously.
      • Collect blood samples and determine indicator concentration.
      • Calculate compartment volume using the amount injected and concentration in plasma.
    • Applications:
      • TBW: Heavy water or antipyrin
      • ECF: Inulin or Na thiocyanate
      • Plasma Volume: Evan's blue dye or labeled plasma proteins.
      • ICF: TBW - ECF
      • ISF: ECF - Plasma volume

    Homeostasis

    • Maintaining stable internal environment (ISF)
    • Essential for life, internal conditions must be kept constant (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, ions).
    • Failure to maintain homeostasis leads to disease or death.
    • Two types of exchanges:
      • Through cell membranes (between cells and ISF)
      • Through capillary membranes (between ISF and blood)
    • Control Systems Components:
      • Stimulus: change
      • Receptor: detects stimulus
      • Control Center: processes information
      • Effector: carries out response
    • Feedback Mechanisms:
      • Negative Feedback: returns variable to original state.
      • Positive Feedback: accelerates processes (e.g., blood clotting, childbirth).

    Blood

    • Part of extracellular fluid
    • Volume: 5 liters in males, 4.5 liters in females (approximately 8% of body weight)
    • Functions:
      • Transport (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients)
      • Defense (white blood cells against pathogens)
      • Hemostasis (stop bleeding)
      • Homeostasis (regulate temperature, pH)

    Plasma

    • 55% of blood volume
    • 90% water (approximately)
    • Organic substances including glucose, cholesterol, lipids, enzymes, and other waste products
    • Inorganic constituents (e.g., sodium, chloride, bicarbonate)
    • Blood gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen

    Plasma Proteins

    • Albumin and globulins are critical (formed in the liver and lymphoid tissues)
    • Osmotic function: maintain proper fluid balance
    • Transport function: carry hormones and nutrients
    • Defensive function: antibodies for immunity
    • Viscosity function: regulates blood flow
    • Clotting function: essential for blood clotting

    Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

    • No nuclei, no ribosomes, or mitochondria
    • Contain hemoglobin for oxygen transport
    • % ratio of RBCs to total blood volume varies (male vs. female)
    • Hemoglobin content (g/dL) varies (male vs. female)
    • Types of hemoglobin and their components
    • Function of hemoglobin (transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide)

    Erythropoiesis

    • Formation of red blood cells
    • Sites of production
      • Fetal: liver and spleen
      • Adults: bone marrow (all bones, then specific)
    • Factors affecting erythropoiesis: oxygen supply to tissues
      • Hypoxia increases the rate of erythropoiesis

    Erythropoietin

    • Hormone stimulated by hypoxia to increase erythrocyte production.
    • Sources: primarily kidneys, secondary in liver.
    • Function: stimulates red blood cell production.

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    Description

    Explore the intricacies of human physiology, focusing on how body water is distributed and the specifics of body fluid compartments. Understand the methods used to determine water volumes in the body, including Fick's Principle and its applications for assessing total body water and extracellular fluid. This quiz is essential for students of health sciences and physiology.

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