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What percentage of total body water does an average adult female have?
What percentage of total body water does an average adult female have?
Which cation is primarily found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Which cation is primarily found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
What is the method used to determine the volumes of body compartments using an indicator?
What is the method used to determine the volumes of body compartments using an indicator?
What is the main anion in intracellular fluid (ICF)?
What is the main anion in intracellular fluid (ICF)?
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Which of the following conditions is essential for maintaining homeostasis?
Which of the following conditions is essential for maintaining homeostasis?
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What component is the 'effector' in the homeostasis control system?
What component is the 'effector' in the homeostasis control system?
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Which feedback mechanism is involved in rapidly completing processes?
Which feedback mechanism is involved in rapidly completing processes?
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What is the primary reason albumin is considered the most important plasma protein?
What is the primary reason albumin is considered the most important plasma protein?
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What primarily determines the viscosity of plasma?
What primarily determines the viscosity of plasma?
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Which statement about osmotic pressure is incorrect?
Which statement about osmotic pressure is incorrect?
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What role do gamma-globulins play in the blood?
What role do gamma-globulins play in the blood?
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How does anemia affect blood viscosity?
How does anemia affect blood viscosity?
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What function do albumin and globulin proteins primarily serve in transport?
What function do albumin and globulin proteins primarily serve in transport?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases blood viscosity?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases blood viscosity?
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How do plasma proteins influence capillary function?
How do plasma proteins influence capillary function?
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Which protein is primarily associated with the blood clotting process?
Which protein is primarily associated with the blood clotting process?
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What is the primary buffering system of blood composed of?
What is the primary buffering system of blood composed of?
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What is the normal pH of blood maintained by the buffer system?
What is the normal pH of blood maintained by the buffer system?
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Which component of blood acts as a weak acid in the buffering system?
Which component of blood acts as a weak acid in the buffering system?
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Which of the following factors will decrease the red blood cell count?
Which of the following factors will decrease the red blood cell count?
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What is the primary role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
What is the primary role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
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What is the hematocrit value a measure of?
What is the hematocrit value a measure of?
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What is the primary composition of adult hemoglobin A1?
What is the primary composition of adult hemoglobin A1?
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What is the characteristic of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) compared to adult hemoglobin (HbA)?
What is the characteristic of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) compared to adult hemoglobin (HbA)?
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Which electrolyte is primarily contained in red blood cells for effective function?
Which electrolyte is primarily contained in red blood cells for effective function?
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What type of proteins are negatively charged and act as weak acids in normal blood?
What type of proteins are negatively charged and act as weak acids in normal blood?
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What is the primary fate of hemoglobin released from ruptured erythrocytes in the spleen?
What is the primary fate of hemoglobin released from ruptured erythrocytes in the spleen?
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Which condition is most likely to cause an increase in erythropoietin production?
Which condition is most likely to cause an increase in erythropoietin production?
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How does hypersplenism affect blood cell populations?
How does hypersplenism affect blood cell populations?
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What is a result of splenectomy on blood cells?
What is a result of splenectomy on blood cells?
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Which part of the body is the primary site of erythropoiesis after the 20th year of life?
Which part of the body is the primary site of erythropoiesis after the 20th year of life?
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What is the term for the process by which oxygen attaches to hemoglobin?
What is the term for the process by which oxygen attaches to hemoglobin?
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How does carbon monoxide affect hemoglobin?
How does carbon monoxide affect hemoglobin?
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Which condition results from the congenital absence of met-hemoglobin reductase?
Which condition results from the congenital absence of met-hemoglobin reductase?
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What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs)?
What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs)?
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What is the role of hemoglobin in buffering capacity compared to plasma proteins?
What is the role of hemoglobin in buffering capacity compared to plasma proteins?
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Which is NOT an advantage of the biconcave shape of red blood cells?
Which is NOT an advantage of the biconcave shape of red blood cells?
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What happens to hemoglobin in the presence of strong oxidizing agents?
What happens to hemoglobin in the presence of strong oxidizing agents?
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What is the primary component that CO2 binds to within hemoglobin?
What is the primary component that CO2 binds to within hemoglobin?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the interchange between HbF and HbA after birth?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the interchange between HbF and HbA after birth?
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What is the effect of met-hemoglobin on oxygen transport?
What is the effect of met-hemoglobin on oxygen transport?
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Study Notes
Human Physiology
- Study of organ functions, systems, and their integration and control.
- Total Body Water (TBW) is 60% of total body weight.
- Infants (75%)
- Females and obese (50%)
Compartments
- Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
- 2/3 (40%) of TBW
- Contains K⁺ and Mg²⁺, Phosphate, and proteins
- Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
- 1/3 (20%) of TBW
- Subdivisions:
- Intravascular Fluid (Plasma) (5%)
- Interstitial Fluid (ISF) (15%)
- Contains Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻, and HCO₃⁻
Determination of Water Volumes (Fick's Principle)
- Method:
- Inject an inert, nontoxic, non-utilized indicator intravenously.
- Collect blood samples and determine indicator concentration.
- Calculate compartment volume using the amount injected and concentration in plasma.
- Applications:
- TBW: Heavy water or antipyrin
- ECF: Inulin or Na thiocyanate
- Plasma Volume: Evan's blue dye or labeled plasma proteins.
- ICF: TBW - ECF
- ISF: ECF - Plasma volume
Homeostasis
- Maintaining stable internal environment (ISF)
- Essential for life, internal conditions must be kept constant (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, ions).
- Failure to maintain homeostasis leads to disease or death.
- Two types of exchanges:
- Through cell membranes (between cells and ISF)
- Through capillary membranes (between ISF and blood)
- Control Systems Components:
- Stimulus: change
- Receptor: detects stimulus
- Control Center: processes information
- Effector: carries out response
- Feedback Mechanisms:
- Negative Feedback: returns variable to original state.
- Positive Feedback: accelerates processes (e.g., blood clotting, childbirth).
Blood
- Part of extracellular fluid
- Volume: 5 liters in males, 4.5 liters in females (approximately 8% of body weight)
- Functions:
- Transport (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients)
- Defense (white blood cells against pathogens)
- Hemostasis (stop bleeding)
- Homeostasis (regulate temperature, pH)
Plasma
- 55% of blood volume
- 90% water (approximately)
- Organic substances including glucose, cholesterol, lipids, enzymes, and other waste products
- Inorganic constituents (e.g., sodium, chloride, bicarbonate)
- Blood gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen
Plasma Proteins
- Albumin and globulins are critical (formed in the liver and lymphoid tissues)
- Osmotic function: maintain proper fluid balance
- Transport function: carry hormones and nutrients
- Defensive function: antibodies for immunity
- Viscosity function: regulates blood flow
- Clotting function: essential for blood clotting
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- No nuclei, no ribosomes, or mitochondria
- Contain hemoglobin for oxygen transport
- % ratio of RBCs to total blood volume varies (male vs. female)
- Hemoglobin content (g/dL) varies (male vs. female)
- Types of hemoglobin and their components
- Function of hemoglobin (transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Erythropoiesis
- Formation of red blood cells
- Sites of production
- Fetal: liver and spleen
- Adults: bone marrow (all bones, then specific)
- Factors affecting erythropoiesis: oxygen supply to tissues
- Hypoxia increases the rate of erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin
- Hormone stimulated by hypoxia to increase erythrocyte production.
- Sources: primarily kidneys, secondary in liver.
- Function: stimulates red blood cell production.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of human physiology, focusing on how body water is distributed and the specifics of body fluid compartments. Understand the methods used to determine water volumes in the body, including Fick's Principle and its applications for assessing total body water and extracellular fluid. This quiz is essential for students of health sciences and physiology.
