Human Factors Models: SHELL and PEAR

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Questions and Answers

What does the 'H' in the SHELL model stand for?

Hardware (correct)

Health and Safety

Human Resources

Hierarchy

Which model has been promoted by the FAA?

PEAR model (correct)

SHELL model

HARD model

CRM model

What does the first 'L' in the SHELL model refer to?

Liveware (correct)

Learning

Leadership

Labor

Which of the following is not a component of the SHELL model?

Network Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'E' in the SHELL model include?

Environment Signup and view all the answers

Who created the SHELL model?

Professor Edwards Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the PEAR model aim to clarify compared to the SHELL model?

It involves less abstract terms. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes 'Software' in the SHELL model?

Rules and procedures of operation Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of human factors does the PEAR model emphasize the least?

Relaxation Signup and view all the answers

Why is designing for the 50th percentile not advisable?

It doesn't fit most people. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main tasks of the eye?

Brightness, color, space, form Signup and view all the answers

What can cause unpleasant sensations in the ears during flying or diving?

Pressure changes Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye is responsible for controlling light incidence?

Iris Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of anthropometry in aviation maintenance?

It matches people to jobs. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cochlea play in the hearing process?

Transforms sound waves into nerve impulses Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided when considering human factors during maintenance?

Subjective tastes and odors Signup and view all the answers

What can result from inadequate ventilation changes in the middle ear?

Eardrum rupturing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary task of the ear in the context of aviation maintenance?

Hearing Signup and view all the answers

What is adaptation in terms of eye function?

Controlling light incidence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes touch?

Awareness through sensors in the skin Signup and view all the answers

What happens when individuals perceive written information in context?

They achieve faster comprehension. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Human Factors Models

Two models, SHELL and PEAR, aid in understanding human factors.
The FAA promotes the PEAR model, but SHELL is also widely used.
SHELL model, developed by Professor Edwards, focuses on Software, Hardware, Environment, and Liveware (two aspects of human).

SHELL Model Details

Software (S): Includes operational rules, procedures, manuals, and supporting information (not just computer software).
Hardware (H): Physical components like tools, hangars, aircraft, and buildings.
Environment (E): Two types: physical (temperature, lighting, humidity) and political/social (corporate communication, profitability).
Liveware (L): Individual human characteristics (knowledge, experience, attitudes, culture) and group dynamics (teamwork, communication, leadership).

PEAR Model Details

PEAR model, created by Dr. Michael Maddox and Dr. Bill Johnson, uses more concrete terms.
People (P): Individual characteristics and behavior within a work environment.
Environment (E): Work environment (physical and social).
Actions (A): Maintenance tasks and procedures.
Resources (R): Materials, tools, infrastructure, information needed for tasks.

Anthropometrics

Matching people to jobs based on size and strength is crucial.
Large individuals are often better suited for heavy lifting.
Smaller ones excel in confined spaces.
Anthropometry data helps ensure workplaces, tools, and lifting requirements are appropriate.
Design should consider a wide range of sizes (5th percentile female to 95th percentile male) to accommodate variations, not just the average.

Sensory Systems

Vision (Eyes):
- Four main tasks: brightness, color, space/form, and movement.
- Similar to a camera: iris (shutter), lens, retina (light-sensitive area).
- Light passes through cornea, pupil, lens, to retina, producing impulses to the brain.
- Three key processes: accommodation (focusing), adaptation (controlling light), and fixation (locating direction). All are physiologically connected.
- The eye has six muscles that control these functions.
Hearing (Ears):
- Critical for work in maintaining balance and overall operation.
- Composed of outer, middle, and inner parts, transmitting sound waves into neurological impulses.
- Audible range for healthy young individuals: 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (most sensitive at 3,000 Hz).
- Middle ear connects to mouth/throat by Eustachian tube, helping maintain equilibrium.
Touch: Sensors perceive temperature and pressure to signal the brain, useful in tasks and safety.
Smell: Used for maintenance (sniff checks).
Taste: Not useful for maintenance, but impaired if you are sick (due to impaired communication between nose and mouth).

Cognitive Processes

Information Processing: Humans interpret information differently based on context (e.g., numbers vs. letters). The famous example of the Stroop effect illustrates how our minds recognize context/understanding in written material.
Task Analysis: Breaking down a job into tasks, skills to perform and appropriate attitudes.

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Description

Explore the SHELL and PEAR models that help in understanding human factors in aviation and other contexts. This quiz covers aspects such as software, hardware, environment, and the liveware concept in the SHELL model, as well as the people, environment, actions, and resources in the PEAR model.