Human Development and Early Childhood

<p>Germination stage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a significant improvement in logical thinking and peer interaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Considering multiple perspectives simultaneously. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It includes the growth and sophistication of body organs formed earlier. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reading ability and logical thinking. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Permissive parenting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restoration of biological needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Balance of internal body conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It influences the behavior through discomfort. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involuntary impulses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They influence behavior alongside physiological cues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incentive theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It uses compassion without presenting appropriate principles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social order and law (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6 to 12 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Easy child (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Demand and reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Instability-confusion attachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two-word combinations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compassionate but firm guidance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attachment types (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infants prefer their mother's voice over other voices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The order of developmental stages is fixed and universal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infants younger than 8 months may understand object permanence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children lack consistent adherence to rules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autonomous morality stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comprehending basic numbers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infants' recognition of intentions is limited and context-dependent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Certain emotions may be hidden in specific contexts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, contempt, happiness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To control emotions for appropriateness and usefulness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Situation-focused strategy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotions provide essential information for making decisions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expressing emotions and engaging in relaxation techniques. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different environments can influence individuals with the same genetic background. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotions are seen as continuous and difficult to distinguish. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contributes to passive behaviors in expressing needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both viewpoints recognize physiological and cognitive aspects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personality traits can differ among twins despite shared genetics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describes whether developmental changes occur gradually or in distinct stages.

Different children may develop in various ways due to their unique genetic and environmental factors.

Discusses the relative influence of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) on development.

Combining various developmental theories to understand human development more comprehensively.

The process where a fertilized egg implants itself in the uterine wall approximately two weeks after fertilization.

The stage of prenatal development (2-8 weeks) where major organs and tissues are formed.

The stage of development in the womb from 8 weeks to birth.

A theory that suggests that everyone progresses through the same stages of development in a specific order.

Infants develop visual, auditory, smell, taste, and tactile senses, showing significant abilities early on, with adult-like visual acuity around 6 months, and preference for mother's voice.

Piaget proposed stages of cognitive development (sensory-motor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational), where schemas change qualitatively and the order is universal.

Research, using expectation violation paradigms, shows infants younger than Piaget's proposed stages exhibit object permanence earlier than anticipated.

Infants are born with innate knowledge about the world, accelerating their learning.

Infants may have innate mathematical abilities, which aid in their understanding of quantity and numbers.

Infants seemingly understand the behavioral intentions of others, though understanding beliefs can be context-dependent and might not be fully developed in young children.

Piaget theorised that moral development arises from cognitive development, with stages including heteronomy (rules as absolute) and autonomy (rules as social consensus).

Young children (before age 5), don't consistently follow rules and their moral reasoning hasn't fully developed.

A theory describing the progression of moral reasoning from a focus on punishment and reward to a consideration of universal ethical principles.

Moral judgments based on maintaining social order, approval, and laws.

The emotional bond between a child and caregiver.

Characteristic patterns of emotional responses and behaviors.

Different approaches to raising children, categorized by responsiveness and demandingness.

Parenting style characterized by high responsiveness and high demandingness; a balance of firm rules and emotional support.

Different patterns of attachment between child and caregiver as identified via observation.

Infants initially distinguish all language sounds, but progressively refine their understanding to only their native language's sounds.

Genetic makeup influences personality traits from birth. Studies on twins and brain activity show a link between genes and personality differences.

Experiences like family, culture, and social interactions play a crucial role in shaping an individual's personality. Learning from our environment shapes our behavior and personality.

Personality isn't solely determined by genes or environment. Both factors interact, leading to unique personality development.

This theory focuses on how internal mental processes, like desires, emotions, and thoughts, influence personality.

Repeated experiences of unmet needs in infancy can contribute to personality development, potentially leading to passivity in expressing needs.

Compassionate but overly generous or inconsistent parenting style.

Parenting that is not compassionate and does not prioritize rules to control behavior.

Explaining motivation using biological impulses determined by genetics and evolution.

Motivation arises from a state of tension due to a deficiency, and actions are aimed at resolving that tension.

The body's internal equilibrium (e.g., blood sugar), actively maintained.

Internal state (drive) precedes a behavior response and causes an action to reduce the discomfort of the state before stimulus and behavior

Motivation involves unconscious desires represented in the psychological energy called libido.

Environmental stimuli can motivate organisms, in addition to internal drives.

Different cultures have different rules about how emotions should be expressed, influencing how people show their feelings.

These are universal, fundamental emotions like happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise, and contempt, which are expressed similarly across cultures.

The ability to control and manage our emotions effectively, helping us cope with difficult situations.

A way to manage emotions by changing the situation itself or avoiding triggering situations.

Managing emotions by changing how you think about a situation, reappraising it in a different light.

Controlling emotions by directly managing your reactions, like calming breathing exercises or expressing your feelings in a healthy way.

Using your current emotional state as information when making decisions. Your mood can influence your choices.

Reason and emotion work together for better decisions. Finding the balance is key.