Human Body Complexity Levels

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

The anatomical position is standing upright, facing forward with arms at the sides and palms facing forward, providing a standard frame of reference.

The chemical level consists of atoms and molecules, which are the building blocks of matter in the body.

<p>Gross anatomy studies structures visible to the naked eye, while microscopic anatomy focuses on tissues observed under a microscope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An organ is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organ systems comprise one or more organs that collaborate to carry out common physiological functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of the human body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pathological anatomy studies diseased cells and tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Standardized terms of direction provide precise descriptions of locations and relationships between body parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins serve various functions, including structural support, transport, and catalyzing biochemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The supine position refers to the body lying face up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexion is the movement that decreases the angle between two bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperextension is the extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abduction is the movement of a limb away from the median plane of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medial rotation turns a bone towards the median plane, while lateral rotation turns it away from the median plane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supination is the lateral rotation causing the palm to face anteriorly, while pronation is the medial rotation causing it to face posteriorly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lateral flexion is a special type of flexion where the vertebral column bends laterally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Circumduction is the circular movement of a limb or finger around its medial axis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adduction is the movement of a limb towards the median plane of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loose connective tissue has fibers spaced in a ground substance while dense connective tissue has fibers tightly packed in a ground substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle is striated and under voluntary control, while smooth muscle is non-striated and involuntary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The anatomical position is standing upright, facing forward with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The axial region comprises the main axis of the body, including the head and trunk, whereas the appendicular region includes the limbs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial tissue provides protection and secretion, serving as a surface cover and lining for cavities and ducts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nervous tissue consists of neurones and supportive cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyaline cartilage is smooth and glassy, while fibrocartilage is strong and durable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The prone position is when the body is lying face down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stomach and intestines are two organs found in the digestive system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plantar flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dorsiflexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The epiglottis prevents food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long bones act as levers that facilitate movement by providing points of attachment for muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteocalcin influences bone production, fat storage, and stimulates insulin production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flat bones primarily provide protection for internal organs and serve as attachment points for muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sesamoid bones are embedded within tendons, providing mechanical advantages in joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation by secreting collagen fibers and initiating calcification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spongy bone reduces the overall weight of the bone while maintaining strength and housing bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The bone matrix is composed of 15% water, 30% collagen fibers, and 55% minerals, providing elasticity and rigidity to the bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Irregular bones have complex shapes that allow them to fulfill various mechanical and protective roles in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoclasts are involved in bone resorption, regulating calcium levels and recycling bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bones store minerals like calcium and phosphate, which can be released into the bloodstream when needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer, while spongy bone contains trabeculae and is lighter, reducing bone weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pneumatized bones, like the ethmoid, are hollow or contain air pockets to reduce weight and provide structural strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The periosteum provides a protective outer layer and contains osteoprogenitor cells for bone growth and repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bones are primarily made up of specialized connective tissue that includes bone, cartilage, and blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteocytes maintain bone health by regulating bone metabolism and communicating with other bone cells to coordinate remodeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collagen fibers provide flexibility and tensile strength to bones, allowing them to resist shattering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trabeculae are the lattice-like structures in spongy bone that support bone marrow and reduce bone weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In spongy bone, osteocytes receive nutrients through diffusion from blood vessels in the endosteum due to the lack of central canals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteogenic cells are unspecialized and the only bone cells that can divide, differentiating into osteoblasts for bone formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyaline cartilage is found in most joints, fibrocartilage is in areas like the anulus fibrosus, and elastic cartilage is located in structures requiring flexibility, such as the ear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bones are considered organs because they are composed of multiple tissue types including bone tissue, cartilage, and blood vessels, like the femur, which contains marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramembranous ossification involves bone formation directly from mesenchymal tissue, while endochondral ossification replaces a cartilage template with bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The extracellular matrix in bone tissue primarily consists of collagen fibers and inorganic mineral salts, which provide structural support and rigidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A typical long bone, like the femur, has a diaphysis and epiphyses, while a typical flat bone, such as the sternum, has a more uniform thickness and is primarily involved in protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compression lines help bones resist compressive forces, while tension lines allow bones to withstand tensile forces during activities like movement or load-bearing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The basic steps in bone fracture healing include hematoma formation, fibrocartilage callus formation, bone callus formation, and bone remodeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spongy bone has a porous, lattice-like structure, while compact bone is dense and organized into osteons or Haversian systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bones can be classified as long (e.g., femur), short (e.g., carpals), flat (e.g., skull bones), and irregular (e.g., vertebrae).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrocartilage is responsible for resisting compression forces, and it is primarily located in the anulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chondrocytes divide and form columns, enlarge to produce a calcified matrix, and eventually die as the matrix calcifies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramembranous ossification occurs directly within mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue, while endochondral ossification involves a cartilage model that is replaced by bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoclasts dissolve calcified cartilage, allowing osteoblasts and blood vessels to invade and form new bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, producing bone matrix and creating ridges around blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After adolescence, the epiphyseal plate becomes ossified, which stops bone growth in length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stages include the formation of new ridges from periosteal cells, fusion of ridges to form a canal, and new lamellae closing the canal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoblasts build new bone tissue, while osteoclasts break down old or damaged bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramembranous ossification produces flat bones, notably in the skull and facial bones, occurring primarily in the dermis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The periosteum isolates and protects bones, serves as an attachment point for circulatory and nervous supply, participates in bone growth and repair, and connects bones to deep fascia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The endosteum, consisting of a single layer of osteoprogenitor cells, is actively involved in the growth and remodeling of bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The diaphysis has a nutrient foramen with a nutrient artery and vein, while the epiphysis and metaphysis have multiple vessels penetrating through several foramina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bones remodel by becoming thicker in areas where forces are greater and aligning their spongy structure to counteract multidirectional tension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surface markings develop due to tension and compression forces exerted by muscles, providing anchor points for tendons and ligaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers