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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of albumin in plasma proteins?
Which plasma protein is crucial for blood clotting?
What consequence results from a decrease in albumin levels?
How do plasma proteins assist in the transport of important substances?
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What is the colloidal osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins approximately measured at?
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What is the primary component of blood plasma by volume?
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Which type of blood cells is most abundant in a healthy adult?
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What is the typical pH range of blood plasma?
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What is the main function of albumin in blood plasma?
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What is the primary site of formation for most plasma proteins?
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Which plasma protein is primarily involved in blood clotting?
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What does a low Albumin/Globulins (A/G) ratio typically indicate?
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How many liters of blood does an average adult male have?
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Study Notes
Blood
- Reddish fluid circulated by the heart through blood vessels
- Adult male: 5 liters, Female: 4.5 liters, Newborn: 450 ml
- Specific Gravity: 1.055 (Whole blood), 1.090 (Cells), 1.032 (Plasma)
- pH: 7.4 (Slightly Alkaline)
- Viscosity: Five times more viscous than water
Composition of Blood
- 55% Plasma
- 45% Cellular Elements
Cellular Elements
-
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes):
- Male: 4.8 - 6.0 million/ mm3
- Female: 4.2 - 5.5 million/ mm3
- Newborn: 6.7 million/ mm3
-
White Blood Cells (Leucocytes): 4000 – 11000 / mm3
- Granular: Neutrophils, Esinophils, Basophiles
- Non Granular: Lymphocytes, Monocytes
- Platelets (Thrombocytes): 250.000 - 500.000/mm3
Plasma
-
Composition:
- Water: 90%
- Inorganic substances: 1% (Na+, Cl-, HCO3-)
- Organic substances: 9% (Glucose, Proteins, Lipids, Vitamins)
- Blood gases: Oxygen & Carbon dioxide
Plasma Proteins
- Concentration: 4.5 - 5.5 g/dl
- Types: Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen, Prothrombin
- Site of Formation: Liver (Albumin, Fibrinogen, Prothrombin, 50% of Globulins), Lymph nodes (Globulins)
- Albumin/Globulins Ratio (A/G ratio): Normally 1.2 – 1.6
- Low A/G ratio can occur in Liver diseases, Kidney diseases, Infection.
Functions of Plasma Proteins
-
Osmotic Regulation:
- Plasma proteins are colloidal and non-diffusible, maintaining blood volume and water content in interstitial fluid and tissues.
- Colloidal osmotic pressure: 28 mmHg
- Albumin is responsible for most of the pressure due to its high concentration
-
Defensive Function:
- Gamma globulins are the immunoglobulins (or antibodies)
-
Blood Clotting:
- Fibrinogen and prothrombin are essential for blood clotting
-
Blood Viscosity:
- Plasma is 1.5 more viscous than water, maintaining peripheral resistance and arterial blood pressure
-
Transport and Conservation:
- Plasma proteins act as carriers of hormones, vitamins, and minerals, preventing their loss in urine and acting as reservoirs.
-
Tissue Use:
- Continuously utilized by tissues as protein storage.
- Albumin leaves the plasma by exocytosis and is broken down into amino acids by tissues.
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Description
Explore the fascinating composition and properties of human blood in this quiz. Learn about blood volume, specific gravity, pH levels, and the various cellular components. Test your knowledge on red blood cells, white blood cells, and plasma proteins.
