Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is blood composed of?
What is blood composed of?
formed elements and plasma
What are the functions of blood? (Select all that apply)
What are the functions of blood? (Select all that apply)
- Protection (correct)
- Distribution (correct)
- Regulation (correct)
- Digestion
What do distribution functions of blood include?
What do distribution functions of blood include?
delivering oxygen and nutrients to body tissues, removing metabolic wastes, and transporting hormones
What do regulation functions of blood include?
What do regulation functions of blood include?
What are the protective functions of blood?
What are the protective functions of blood?
What formed elements account for 45% of whole blood?
What formed elements account for 45% of whole blood?
How many liters of blood does a healthy adult male have approximately?
How many liters of blood does a healthy adult male have approximately?
What is plasma?
What is plasma?
What are erythrocytes?
What are erythrocytes?
What is the buffy coat?
What is the buffy coat?
What are the most abundant leukocytes?
What are the most abundant leukocytes?
What happens to athletes who use industry-produced EPO?
What happens to athletes who use industry-produced EPO?
In cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, what does a CSF stimulate?
In cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, what does a CSF stimulate?
What causes agglutination of the fetus's Rh+ RBCs during erythroblastosis fetalis?
What causes agglutination of the fetus's Rh+ RBCs during erythroblastosis fetalis?
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
Which plasma constituent is the main contributor to osmotic pressure?
Which plasma constituent is the main contributor to osmotic pressure?
Which formed element contains hemoglobin and transports respiratory gases?
Which formed element contains hemoglobin and transports respiratory gases?
Which of the following is NOT a functional characteristic of leukocytes?
Which of the following is NOT a functional characteristic of leukocytes?
Which leukocyte functions in phagocytizing bacteria?
Which leukocyte functions in phagocytizing bacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a formed element of the blood?
Which of the following is NOT a formed element of the blood?
What is hemoglobin composed of?
What is hemoglobin composed of?
Which of the following does NOT stimulate erythrocyte production?
Which of the following does NOT stimulate erythrocyte production?
Bilirubin is cleared from the body by?
Bilirubin is cleared from the body by?
On a blood smear slide, what cell has a U-shaped nucleus and pale blue cytoplasm?
On a blood smear slide, what cell has a U-shaped nucleus and pale blue cytoplasm?
Platelet formation is regulated by?
Platelet formation is regulated by?
Hemostasis leads to?
Hemostasis leads to?
What protein involved in coagulation provides the scaffolding for tissue repair?
What protein involved in coagulation provides the scaffolding for tissue repair?
What represents a difference between extrinsic and intrinsic blood clotting pathways?
What represents a difference between extrinsic and intrinsic blood clotting pathways?
The enzyme that digests fibrin clots is?
The enzyme that digests fibrin clots is?
Which of the following does NOT serve as a site for blood cell production in the developing fetus?
Which of the following does NOT serve as a site for blood cell production in the developing fetus?
The majority of whole blood is?
The majority of whole blood is?
What is the name of the protein found in erythrocytes that allows for respiratory gas transport?
What is the name of the protein found in erythrocytes that allows for respiratory gas transport?
Which part of the hemoglobin molecule binds carbon dioxide for transport?
Which part of the hemoglobin molecule binds carbon dioxide for transport?
How many oxygen molecules can be transported by one hemoglobin molecule?
How many oxygen molecules can be transported by one hemoglobin molecule?
What role do the kidneys play in erythropoiesis?
What role do the kidneys play in erythropoiesis?
Which cells are best suited to the clotting process when blood vessels are ruptured?
Which cells are best suited to the clotting process when blood vessels are ruptured?
What enzyme removes unneeded clots after healing has occurred during fibrinolysis?
What enzyme removes unneeded clots after healing has occurred during fibrinolysis?
What is the average normal pH range of blood?
What is the average normal pH range of blood?
Which of the following is true about blood plasma?
Which of the following is true about blood plasma?
Hemoglobin is made up of the protein heme and the red pigment globin.
Hemoglobin is made up of the protein heme and the red pigment globin.
Positive chemotaxis is a feedback system that signals leukocyte migration into damaged areas.
Positive chemotaxis is a feedback system that signals leukocyte migration into damaged areas.
Leukocytes move through the circulatory system by amoeboid motion.
Leukocytes move through the circulatory system by amoeboid motion.
Granulocytes called neutrophils are phagocytic and are the most numerous of all white blood cell types.
Granulocytes called neutrophils are phagocytic and are the most numerous of all white blood cell types.
James has a hemoglobin measurement of 16 g/100 ml blood. This is?
James has a hemoglobin measurement of 16 g/100 ml blood. This is?
All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except?
All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except?
Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?
Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?
What do platelets do?
What do platelets do?
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?
What does embolus refer to?
What does embolus refer to?
What is anemia?
What is anemia?
What is polycythemia?
What is polycythemia?
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Study Notes
Blood Composition
- Blood consists of formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets) and plasma.
- Formed elements constitute about 45% of whole blood; most arise from hematopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow.
- Plasma makes up the remaining 55% and is the nonliving fluid matrix, containing dissolved substances.
Functions of Blood
- Distribution: Delivers oxygen and nutrients, removes metabolic wastes, and transports hormones.
- Regulation: Maintains body temperature, blood pH, and fluid volume.
- Protection: Involves hemostasis (stopping bleeding) and immune response to prevent infection.
Key Components in Blood
- Erythrocytes are red blood cells primarily responsible for oxygen transport; they are the most dense component of blood.
- Leukocytes: Neutrophils are the most abundant, primarily functioning in phagocytizing bacteria.
- Platelets are cell fragments that play a crucial role in clotting and hemostasis.
- Buffy coat: Contains leukocytes and platelets, found at the erythrocyte-plasma junction.
Blood Volume and pH
- A healthy adult male has approximately 5-6 liters of blood.
- The average normal pH range of blood is between 7.35 and 7.45.
Hormonal Regulation
- Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates erythrocyte production, while testosterone also enhances this process.
- Thrombopoietin regulates platelet formation.
- Hyperventilating does not stimulate erythrocyte production due to increased oxygen levels.
Unique Conditions
- Erythroblastosis fetalis occurs when a Rh- mother's antibodies agglutinate a Rh+ fetus's erythrocytes, while the reverse does not happen due to fetal antibody production limitations.
- Anemia: Characterized by abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity in blood.
- Polycythemia leads to increased blood volume, high hematocrit, and high blood pressure, but not to low blood viscosity.
Coagulation and Repair
- Fibrin provides scaffolding for tissue repair during coagulation.
- The enzyme plasmin digests fibrin clots post-repair.
- Blood clotting pathways include an extrinsic route (faster) and an intrinsic route.
Visual Identification
- Wright's stain on a blood smear reveals monocytes as large cells with U-shaped nuclei and pale blue cytoplasm.
Miscellaneous Facts
- Albumin is the main plasma protein contributing to osmotic pressure.
- Leukocytosis refers to an excess number of white blood cells, not a functional characteristic.
- Hemoglobin, composed of globin and heme, binds and transports gases, with each molecule capable of carrying four oxygen molecules.
- Kidneys detect low blood oxygen levels to regulate erythropoiesis.
True/False Statements
- Granulocytes called neutrophils are phagocytic and the most numerous of all white blood cell types (True).
- Leukocytes move through the circulatory system by amoeboid motion (False; they move through blood flow).
- Hemoglobin is made of heme (red pigment) and globin (protein) (False; it’s heme bound to globin).
Emerging Terminology
- Embolus: A free-floating thrombus within the bloodstream.
- Thrombus: A stationary blood clot that can obstruct blood flow.
Blood Cell Production Sites
- Red bone marrow, liver, and spleen serve as blood cell production sites in developing fetuses, unlike the intestines.
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