Human Biology Quiz: Lymphatic & Respiratory Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary functions of the lymphatic system?

  • Regulation of heart rate
  • Production of red blood cells
  • Transport of oxygen
  • Maintenance of fluid balance (correct)

Which of the following is NOT considered a component of lymphatic tissue?

  • Bone marrow (correct)
  • Peyer's patches
  • Appendix
  • Tonsils

What is lymph primarily composed of?

  • Cellular debris
  • Blood plasma
  • High protein content
  • Clear fluid with low protein content (correct)

Which of the following organs is part of the lymphatic system?

<p>Spleen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the carotid artery is correct?

<p>It supplies blood to the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location where gas exchange occurs in the lungs?

<p>Alveoli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the right lung?

<p>It accommodates 55% of gas exchange. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sign of inflammation involves the leakage of fluid from capillaries?

<p>Swelling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines bradypnea?

<p>Abnormally slow breathing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory condition is characterized by a deep gasping pattern associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?

<p>Kussmaul respirations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during hyperventilation?

<p>Lowered blood levels of carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lung characteristic is unique to the left lung?

<p>It has a cardiac notch. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common site for aspirated foreign substances?

<p>Right main bronchus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary filtration unit of the kidneys?

<p>Nephrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measure?

<p>The volume of fluid filtered by both kidneys (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is converted into angiotensin I by renin?

<p>Angiotensinogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does aldosterone play in the body?

<p>Increases blood volume and blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition refers to the presence of excessive protein in urine?

<p>Proteinuria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the SA Node in the cardiac conduction system?

<p>To initiate the heart's electrical impulses at a rate of 100 bpm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with left ventricular failure?

<p>Fluid buildup in the abdomen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of veins in the vascular system?

<p>To transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cardiac conduction system follows the AV Node?

<p>Bundle of His (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of left-sided heart failure?

<p>Backflow of blood into the lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest tarsal bone that also bears much of the body's weight?

<p>Calcaneus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is classified as synarthroses due to its structure?

<p>Fibrous joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is classified as a diarthrosis?

<p>Synovial joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is associated with a hinge joint?

<p>Back-and-forth movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the shoulder joint is true?

<p>Dislocations are usually inferior due to a downward force. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes the knee more susceptible to injuries compared to the hip?

<p>It has fewer surrounding muscles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the body's antibodies attacking the synovial membrane?

<p>Rheumatoid arthritis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason for the slow healing of cartilage injuries?

<p>Little blood supply (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does calcitonin play in blood calcium regulation?

<p>It decreases blood calcium levels by moving calcium to the bones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing blood calcium levels during deficiency?

<p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of hypercalcemia?

<p>Cardiac arrest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of parathyroid hormone when blood calcium levels are low?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs when blood calcium levels are excessively high?

<p>Calcium moves from the blood to the bones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones?

<p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by the thyroid gland that helps to lower blood calcium levels?

<p>Calcitonin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from an overactive thyroid gland?

<p>Grave's disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is not directly produced by the thyroid gland?

<p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

<p>Increase blood calcium levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland produces hormones that control milk production and uterine contractions?

<p>Posterior pituitary gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcitonin within the endocrine system?

<p>Reduce blood calcium levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily involved in kidney function and managing hydration?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

<p>Right Atrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the right ventricle?

<p>To pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium?

<p>Mitral Valve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

<p>Pulmonary Veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the semilunar valves?

<p>Prevent backflow from great arteries to ventricles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

<p>Pulmonary Artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is considered an atrioventricular valve?

<p>Tricuspid Valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the atria from the ventricles in the heart's structure?

<p>Atria receive blood while ventricles pump it out (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the quadriceps femoris muscle?

<p>Knee extension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the body producing antibodies against acetylcholine receptors?

<p>Myasthenia gravis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is considered the bulkiest in the human body?

<p>Gluteus maximus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the bacterium Clostridium tetani have on the muscles?

<p>Causes muscle spasms and sustained contractions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles aids in hip and knee flexion as well as thigh abduction?

<p>Sartorius (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which endocrine gland is located near the kidneys?

<p>Adrenal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the strongest tendon in the body?

<p>Achilles tendon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>Growth hormone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is lymph?

A clear, colorless fluid similar to plasma but with a lower protein content. It contains lipids and is part of the lymphatic system.

Signs of Inflammation

Swelling, redness, heat, and pain. It's the body's response to injury or infection.

Where does gas exchange occur?

The process of gas exchange in the lungs happens here. Oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves.

What is the lymphatic system?

A network of vessels, tissues, and organs that help maintain fluid balance, absorb fats, and protect the body from infection.

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What is lymphatic tissue?

A type of tissue that contains white blood cells responsible for fighting infection. It is found in various parts of the body, including the tonsils, appendix, and Peyer's patches.

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Differences between the left and right lung

The right lung is shorter, broader, and larger than the left, with 3 lobes and 2 fissures. The left lung is smaller and narrower, with 2 lobes and 1 fissure. It also has a space for the heart.

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Apnea

A temporary stop in breathing.

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What is the carotid artery?

A large artery that supplies blood to the brain, located in the neck.

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Bradypnea

An abnormally slow breathing rate.

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What are tonsils?

Groups of lymphatic tissue located in the throat, responsible for trapping pathogens entering the body through the mouth and nose.

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Cheyne-Stokes respirations

A pattern of breathing with deep breaths followed by a gradual decrease in breathing, ending with a pause.

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Dyspnea

Labored or difficult breathing. It can be a sign of many conditions.

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Hyperventilation

Increased rate of breathing, often caused by anxiety or exercise.

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What does the right atrium receive?

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava.

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What does the tricuspid valve do?

The tricuspid valve prevents backflow from the right ventricle to the right atrium, ensuring blood flows correctly.

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What does the right ventricle pump?

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.

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What does the pulmonary valve prevent?

The pulmonary valve prevents backflow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle, ensuring efficient blood flow toward the lungs.

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What do the pulmonary veins carry?

The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

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What does the left atrium receive?

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.

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What does the mitral valve prevent?

The mitral valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium, controlling blood flow within the heart.

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What pumps oxygenated blood to the body?

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta.

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What is the thyroid gland?

The largest endocrine gland in the body, made up of two lobes connected by a narrow band called the isthmus.

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What are thyroid follicles?

Small sacs within the thyroid gland where thyroid hormones are produced.

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Name the two main thyroid hormones.

Hormones produced by the thyroid gland, essential for metabolism and development.

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What is Grave's disease?

A condition where the thyroid gland is overactive, producing too much thyroid hormone.

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What are the parathyroid glands?

Four small glands located behind the thyroid gland, responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood.

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What is parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands, essential for maintaining normal calcium levels in the blood.

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What is hypothyroidism?

A condition where the thyroid gland is underactive, producing too little thyroid hormone.

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What is calcitonin?

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.

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Calcitonin

A hormone released by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels by moving calcium from blood into bones.

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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A hormone released by the parathyroid glands that increases blood calcium levels by moving calcium from bones, kidneys, and intestines into blood.

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Hypercalcemia

A condition in which blood calcium levels are too high. Symptoms include muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, and cardiac arrest.

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Hypocalcemia

A condition in which blood calcium levels are too low. Symptoms include spasms, tetany, muscle tremors, and larynx spasms.

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Tetany

A state of sustained muscle contraction, often resulting from low blood calcium levels.

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Calcaneus

The largest tarsal bone, forming the heel and bearing much of the body's weight.

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Fibrous Joints (Synarthroses)

Joints where collagen fibers from one bone penetrate the adjacent bone, providing a strong, immobile connection.

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Cartilaginous Joints (Amphiarthroses)

Joints where two bones are connected by cartilage, allowing for limited movement.

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What is a nephron?

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering waste products from the blood.

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Synovial Joints (Diarthroses)

Freely movable joints, the most numerous and versatile in the body. They are characterized by a synovial cavity and a synovial membrane.

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Ball and Socket Joint

A type of synovial joint where a rounded head fits into a cup-like socket, allowing for a wide range of motion.

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What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

The rate at which fluid is filtered by both kidneys, approximately 180 liters daily.

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What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

A system that regulates blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate.

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Hinge Joint

A type of synovial joint allowing only hinge-like movement in one plane, like a door.

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What triggers RAAS activation?

The release of the enzyme renin, which starts the RAAS cascade.

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Condyloid Joint

A type of synovial joint allowing for movement in two planes, like the knuckles.

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What is aldosterone's role in the RAAS?

The hormone that increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, ultimately raising blood volume and pressure.

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Pivot Joint

A type of synovial joint allowing for rotation around a central axis, like the joint between the radius and ulna.

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What are automaticity cells?

Specialized pacemaker cells in the heart that initiate and regulate heartbeats, independent of external nerve stimulation.

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What is the SA Node?

The SA Node is the primary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium, responsible for initiating electrical impulses that regulate heart contractions.

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Describe the cardiac conduction system.

The electrical pathway through the heart, starting from the SA Node, then through the AV Node, Bundle of His, right and left branches, and finally the Purkinje fibers, is called the cardiac conduction system.

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What happens in left ventricular failure?

The left ventricle, the strongest pumping chamber of the heart, struggles to pump blood effectively, leading to congestion in the lungs.

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What happens in right ventricular failure?

Right ventricular failure occurs when the right ventricle, the pump that sends blood to the lungs, struggles, leading to fluid buildup in the body.

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What is Botulism?

Caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, it blocks the release of acetylcholine (ACh), leading to muscle paralysis. It can be acquired from improperly canned food.

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What is Myasthenia Gravis?

An autoimmune disorder where the body produces antibodies against acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, resulting in muscle weakness.

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What is Tetanus?

Caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, it causes excessive firing of motor neurons, leading to sustained muscle contractions and spasms, often affecting jaw muscles first.

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What is the Quadriceps femoris?

A powerful muscle in the leg responsible for extending the knee.

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What is the Achilles Tendon?

The strongest tendon in the body, attaching the calf muscles to the heel bone.

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What is the Sartorius muscle?

The longest muscle in the body, it participates in various hip and knee movements, like crossing your legs.

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What is the Gluteus Maximus?

The bulkiest muscle, providing power for activities like climbing stairs.

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What is the Hypothalamus?

This gland, located in the brain, plays a crucial role in controlling various bodily functions, including hormone release and regulating body temperature.

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Study Notes

Immune System Study Notes

  • Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell
  • Bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris are also part of the immune system
  • Signs and symptoms of inflammation include swelling, redness, heat, and pain
  • Inflammatory fluid leaking out the capillaries causes these symptoms.
  • Injuries from pressure or bacterial toxins can also cause inflammation.
  • The right lung is shorter, broader, and larger than the left lung. The right lung has 3 lobes—superior, middle, and inferior. The left lung has 2 lobes—superior and inferior. The left lung has a cardiac notch that accommodates the heart. The left lung handles 45% of gas exchange, and the right lung handles 55%.
  • Common respiratory terms include apnea (temporary cessation of breathing), bradypnea (abnormally slow breathing), Cheyne-Stokes respirations (an abnormal breathing pattern), dyspnea (labored or difficult breathing), hyperventilation (increased rate and depth of respirations resulting in lowered blood levels of carbon dioxide), hypoventilation (reduced rate and depth of respirations resulting in increased blood levels of carbon dioxide ), Kussmaul respirations (deep gasping respirations associated with diabetic ketoacidosis), orthopnea (labored breathing that occurs when a person is lying flat but improves when standing or sitting up), and tachypnea (rapid breathing)

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Test your knowledge on the lymphatic and respiratory systems with this comprehensive quiz. Explore key functions, components, and processes related to these essential biological systems. Perfect for students studying human biology or healthcare.

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