Respiratory and Lymphatic System Quiz

Respiratory System Anatomy and Function

• The larynx consists of cartilages including arytenoid cartilages, vocal cords, and the glottis, which closes during swallowing.
• Laryngitis is caused by larynx inflammation due to infection or irritation.
• The trachea consists of 20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage pieces and connects the larynx to the primary bronchi.
• The bronchial tree has approximately 23 generations of branches with decreasing cartilage and increasing smooth muscle.
• The respiratory zone contains millions of alveoli which form the primary site of gas exchange.
• The respiratory membrane consists of type I and type II alveolar cells, capillary wall, and macrophages.
• Clinical applications of lung diseases include tuberculosis, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, and emphysema.
• The lungs are separated by the mediastinum and contain three lobes in the right lung and two in the left.
• The pleura, a serous membrane, surrounds each lung and reduces friction during ventilation.
• The blood supply to the lungs includes the pulmonary route for alveolar oxygenation and the bronchial route for lung tissues.
• Ventilation is controlled by skeletal muscles, and the rate and depth of breathing are regulated by the medulla in response to CO2, O2 levels, and emotions.

Lymphoid Organs and Tissues and the Lymphatic System

• Primary lymphoid organs and tissues are sites where lymphoid stem cells divide and mature, such as the red bone marrow and thymus gland.
• The secondary lymphoid organs and tissues, where most lymphocyte immune responses occur, include lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
• MALT includes tonsils, appendix, and lymphoid tissues on mucosal membranes of digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary systems.
• Tonsils form a ring around the entrance to the pharynx and possess crypts that trap bacteria and debris.
• The respiratory system has main functions of ventilation and gas exchange, with upper and lower respiratory system subdivisions.
• The nasal cavity functions as an airway passage, for olfaction, and as a resonance chamber for speech.
• The respiratory area of the nasal cavity is lined by respiratory mucosa and contains goblet cells that secrete mucus.
• Thin, scroll-like projections called conchae protrude medially from each lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
• The olfactory area essential for smell is located on the roof of the nasal cavity and lacks columnar cell goblet cells.
• Paranasal sinuses are pairs of air-filled spaces in the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillae bones that open directly into the nasal cavity.
• The pharynx is divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx, and is lined by mucous membrane.
• The larynx is composed of eight hyaline cartilages and one non-hyaline cartilage, including the epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage.

Anatomy and Histology of the Digestive System

• Mucosa is the innermost layer of the digestive system, with epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae, and it varies in structure in different parts of the digestive tract.
• The submucosa is an areolar connective tissue layer containing blood and lymphatic vessels and a network of nerve cells.
• The muscularis externa consists of two layers of smooth muscle separated by a network of nerve cells, forming the enteric nervous system.
• The serosa (or adventitia) is the superficial layer of the digestive system, and the largest serous membrane of the body is the peritoneum, which lines the abdominopelvic cavity and most of the organs.
• The mesentery is a fused, double-layer sheet of parietal peritoneum that binds organs to the abdominal cavity wall and helps hold them in place.
• The omenta are mesenteries formed of visceral peritoneum, including the greater omentum and the lesser omentum.
• Some abdominal organs are retroperitoneal, lying behind the peritoneum, and the inflammation of the peritoneum is called peritonitis.
• The oral cavity is lined by mucus membrane and contains structures such as the lips, cheeks, palate, tongue, and teeth.
• The teeth are classified into primary dentition (deciduous) and secondary dentition (permanent), each with different numbers of teeth and types of enamel.
• There are three paired salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual, each secreting different types of saliva.
• The pharynx has a similar histology to the oral cavity and is connected to skeletal muscle.
• The stomach has distinct regions, unique histology in its muscularis externa, and forms folds (rugae) when empty to allow for expansion without tearing.