Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of blood?
What percentage of blood plasma is water?
What is the normal count range of leukocytes in the blood?
How is the majority of carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
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Which blood component is responsible for blood clotting?
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What type of joint is the primary role of leukocytes in the body?
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What distinguishes erythrocytes from leukocytes?
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Which type of globulin functions in immunity?
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What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune response?
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Which type of granulocyte is known for increasing in number during allergic reactions?
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What percentage of white blood cells do lymphocytes typically account for?
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What is a primary role of blood platelets (thrombocytes)?
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Which type of muscle tissue is under voluntary control?
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What characterizes cardiac muscle tissue?
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Which substance is NOT involved in the process of blood clotting?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
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Study Notes
Blood
- Blood is a specialized connective tissue composed of formed elements (blood cells) and blood plasma.
- Average blood volume: 4-5 L in females, 5-6 L in males; circulates approximately 1000 times daily.
- Main functions include transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing waste products.
Blood Plasma
- Plasma acts as the liquid medium in blood, with 91% being water; remainder consists of salts and organic molecules.
- Major plasma proteins produced by the liver:
- Albumins (transport molecules)
- Globulins (immune function)
- Fibrinogen (blood clotting)
- Globulins consist of three types: alpha, beta, and gamma.
Cellular Elements of Blood
- Three main types of blood cells:
-
Erythrocytes (RBCs):
- Biconcave, anucleate cells specialized for oxygen transport; normal count: ~5 million/ml.
- Lifespan of about 120 days; transport carbon dioxide (CO2) via hemoglobin and bicarbonate ion.
-
Leukocytes (WBCs):
- Larger than RBCs, nucleated, involved in immune defense; normal count: 7000/ml (range: 5000-10000).
- Classified into:
- Granulocytes:
- Neutrophils: Most abundant; first responders to bacterial infections (60-70%).
- Eosinophils: Part of allergic reactions and parasitic infections; 2-4% of WBCs.
- Basophils: Produce histamine; 0.5-1% of WBCs.
- Agranulocytes:
- Lymphocytes: Second most abundant (25-35%), responsible for antibody production.
- Monocytes: Largest WBC, eccentric kidney-shaped nucleus; normal count: 3-8%.
- Granulocytes:
-
Platelets (thrombocytes):
- Fragments that are crucial for blood clotting; protein content aids clotting.
- Vitamin K is essential for prothrombin production, helped by colonic bacteria.
-
Erythrocytes (RBCs):
Functions of Blood
- Supports body respiration, nutrition, waste elimination, thermoregulation, immune defense, acid-base balance, and water balance.
Muscular Tissue
- Comprises three types:
-
Skeletal Muscle:
- Striated in appearance; under voluntary control; functions to move the skeleton.
-
Cardiac Muscle:
- Striated with intercalated discs for cell communication; cardiac cells (cardiomyocytes) typically have a single nucleus.
-
Smooth Muscle:
- Not detailed in the text, but generally involuntary and found in walls of hollow organs.
-
Skeletal Muscle:
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Description
This quiz covers the key concepts discussed in Lecture 5 of Human Biology, focusing on the structure and functions of blood. It includes details about blood composition, the importance of plasma, and the physiological role of blood in the human body. Test your knowledge on these essential biological topics.
