Podcast
Questions and Answers
Red blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow of long ______.
Red blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow of long ______.
bones
The respiratory pigment that fills red blood cells is called ______.
The respiratory pigment that fills red blood cells is called ______.
haemoglobin
White blood cells defend the body from ______.
White blood cells defend the body from ______.
attack
Monocytes account for about ______% of all white blood cells.
Monocytes account for about ______% of all white blood cells.
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Lymphocytes make up ______% of all white blood cells.
Lymphocytes make up ______% of all white blood cells.
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T Cells ______ invaders.
T Cells ______ invaders.
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B-Cells ______ antibodies.
B-Cells ______ antibodies.
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Platelets are cellular fragments that play a major role in ______.
Platelets are cellular fragments that play a major role in ______.
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Fibrin forms a network of strands across the wound, trapping blood cells and forming a ______.
Fibrin forms a network of strands across the wound, trapping blood cells and forming a ______.
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Blood groupings are based on ______ that occur on the outer surface of blood cells.
Blood groupings are based on ______ that occur on the outer surface of blood cells.
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An antigen is a substance that produces an immune ______.
An antigen is a substance that produces an immune ______.
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If the mother is Rhesus negative, and the unborn child is Rhesus positive, some of the baby's red blood cells may cross into the mother's ______.
If the mother is Rhesus negative, and the unborn child is Rhesus positive, some of the baby's red blood cells may cross into the mother's ______.
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Blood with the rhesus antigen on the surface is said to be Rhesus ______.
Blood with the rhesus antigen on the surface is said to be Rhesus ______.
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People with Blood Group O have ______ antigens.
People with Blood Group O have ______ antigens.
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A severe allergic reaction can occur if someone receives the wrong blood ______.
A severe allergic reaction can occur if someone receives the wrong blood ______.
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Study Notes
Blood Composition
- Plasma constitutes 55% of blood, composed of 90% water and 10% proteins, salts, nutrients, and waste.
Functions of Plasma Proteins
- Clotting proteins prevent blood loss and pathogen entry.
- Antibodies target pathogens and damaged cells for immune response.
- Albumen maintains osmotic balance in the body.
Functions of Dissolved Salts
- Essential for maintaining osmotic balance and cellular function.
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
- Most abundant blood cells, produced in the red bone marrow.
- Mature RBCs lack a nucleus and mitochondria, enhancing oxygen transport efficiency.
- Biconcave shape filled with hemoglobin; lifespan of about 120 days.
- RBCs are recycled by the spleen and liver, forming bile pigments.
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
- Produced in bone marrow, their count increases during infections.
- Key defenders against pathogens with several types:
- Monocytes: Largest WBC, comprising 7% of white blood cells, engage in phagocytosis and antigen presentation.
- Lymphocytes: Make up 20-40% of WBCs, mostly short-lived; include T-cells (attack invaders) and B-cells (produce antibodies).
Platelets
- Cellular fragments essential for blood clotting.
- Aggregate at wound sites, triggering fibrin production, which forms a clot to prevent blood loss and pathogen entry.
Blood Groups
- Blood type is determined by antigens on the cell surface; crucial for safe blood transfusions.
- Incorrect blood type transfusion can trigger severe allergic reactions.
- Blood Group Distribution:
- O: 55% (neither A nor B antigens, A and B antibodies)
- A: 31% (A antigens, B antibodies)
- B: 11% (B antigens, A antibodies)
- AB: 3% (A and B antigens, no antibodies)
Rhesus Factor
- Identified in Rhesus monkeys; indicates the presence (RhD+) or absence (RhD-) of rhesus protein on blood cells.
Importance in Pregnancy
- If a Rh- mother carries a Rh+ baby, her body may produce antibodies against the baby's Rh antigens.
- This sensitization is usually not harmful in the first pregnancy but can be dangerous in subsequent Rh+ pregnancies.
- To prevent complications, Rh- mothers may receive Rh antibodies after their first child.
Mandatory Practical – Dissecting a Sheep's or Ox's Heart
- Position the heart for dissection, identifying major blood vessels: aorta, pulmonary artery, vena cava, pulmonary vein.
- Cut and examine the left and right ventricles and atria, locating bicuspid and tricuspid valves and their chordae tendinae.
- Observe structural differences between left and right ventricles.
- Identify the septum and the coronary arteries by pumping air through the aorta.
Mandatory Practical – Investigating Pulse Rate and Exercise
- Measure resting pulse at the wrist using two fingers; count beats in 15 seconds and multiply by four for beats per minute.
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Description
Explore the critical role of plasma in blood composition. This quiz will cover the various components of plasma, including its composition and the functions of plasma proteins. Test your knowledge on how these elements contribute to overall health and bodily functions.
