Human Biology: Characteristics of Life
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Questions and Answers

What is human biology?

The study of human anatomy, physiology, and how humans interact with their environment.

List the seven characteristics of life and provide an example of each.

Different Chemistry (DNA, proteins), Energy Use (Cellular respiration converts glucose into ATP), Cellular Composition (All living things are made of cells), Homeostasis (Body temperature regulation), Response to Environment (Plants grow towards sunlight), Growth & Reproduction (Cells divide), Evolution (Populations change over generations).

What is homeostasis, and why is it important?

Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable internal conditions (e.g., body temperature). It ensures proper function and survival.

How do organisms use energy, and what process generates it?

<p>Organisms convert food into ATP through cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three domains of life, and how do they differ?

<p>Archaea (Primitive, prokaryotic, extreme environments), Bacteria (Prokaryotic, common environments), Eukarya (Eukaryotic, includes plants, animals, fungi, protists).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four defining features of humans?

<p>Bipedalism (walking upright), Opposable thumbs, Large brains, Complex language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define science and describe how it applies to human biology.

<p>Science is the study of the natural world using observation and experimentation. Human biology applies scientific methods to study human life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific method and its key steps?

<p>Observation → Hypothesis → Experiment → Data Collection → Conclusion → Peer Review.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypothesis, and how does it differ from a theory?

<p>A hypothesis is a testable prediction, while a theory is a well-tested explanation supported by evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is peer review, and why is it important?

<p>Peer review ensures scientific findings are valid and reliable before publication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

<p>Prokaryotic: No nucleus, simple (e.g., bacteria). Eukaryotic: Has a nucleus, complex (e.g., humans, plants).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a population, and how does it relate to biological hierarchy?

<p>A population is a group of the same species in an area. It's part of the biological hierarchy from individuals to ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the levels of biological hierarchy from smallest to largest?

<p>Atom → Molecule → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Robert Hooke, and why is he significant?

<p>He discovered cells using a microscope in 1665.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define DNA and explain its role.

<p>DNA carries genetic information for inheritance and cell function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an experimental group, and how does it differ from a control group?

<p>Experimental group: Receives the variable being tested. Control group: Does not receive the variable; used for comparison.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is matter?

<p>Anything that has mass and occupies space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are elements, and how are they different from compounds?

<p>Elements are pure substances with one type of atom (e.g., oxygen). Compounds contain two or more elements (e.g., H2O).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three subatomic particles and their charges?

<p>Protons (+), Neutrons (neutral), Electrons (-).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of an atom?

<p>The number of protons in its nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an isotope?

<p>An atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ionic and covalent bonds?

<p>Ionic bonds: Transfer of electrons (e.g., NaCl). Covalent bonds: Sharing of electrons (e.g., H2O).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pH, and what does the scale measure?

<p>pH measures the concentration of H+ ions. 0-6 acidic, 7 neutral, 8-14 basic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four macromolecules of life?

<p>Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

<p>Provide energy (e.g., glucose).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lipids?

<p>Long-term energy storage, insulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three principles of cell theory?

<p>All living things are made of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

<p>Regulates what enters and exits the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nucleus?

<p>Contains DNA, controls cell activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ribosomes responsible for?

<p>Protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the mitochondria do?

<p>Produces ATP via cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between rough and smooth ER?

<p>Rough ER: Has ribosomes, makes proteins. Smooth ER: No ribosomes, makes lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

<p>Modifies, packages, and ships proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diffusion?

<p>Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osmosis?

<p>Diffusion of water across a membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

<p>It shrinks due to water loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four stages of cellular respiration?

<p>Glycolysis, Preparatory Step, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does glycolysis occur?

<p>In the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much ATP does cellular respiration produce?

<p>Around 36 ATP per glucose molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in anaerobic respiration?

<p>Only 2 ATP are produced, and lactic acid builds up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Human Biology

Study of human anatomy, physiology, and interaction with the environment.

Different Chemistry

Living things contain unique molecules like DNA and proteins.

Energy Use

Using energy, e.g., cellular respiration converts glucose into ATP.

Cellular Composition

All living things are made of cells.

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Homeostasis

Maintaining stable internal conditions (e.g., body temperature).

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Response to Environment

Responding to changes around them (e.g., plants grow towards sunlight).

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Growth & Reproduction

Growing and producing offspring.

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Evolution

Populations changing over time.

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Homeostasis

Maintenance of stable internal conditions.

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Cellular Respiration

Converting food into ATP.

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Three Domains of Life

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

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Defining Features of Humans

Bipedalism, opposable thumbs, large brains, complex language.

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Science

Study of the natural world using observation and experimentation.

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Scientific Method Steps

Observation → Hypothesis → Experiment → Data Collection → Conclusion → Peer Review.

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Hypothesis

Testable prediction.

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Theory

Well-tested explanation supported by evidence.

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Peer Review

Ensures scientific findings are valid and reliable.

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Prokaryotic Cell

No nucleus, simple (e.g., bacteria).

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Eukaryotic Cell

Has a nucleus, complex (e.g., humans, plants).

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Population

Group of the same species in an area.

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Biological Hierarchy

Atom → Molecule → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere.

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Robert Hooke

Discovered cells using a microscope in 1665.

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DNA

Carries genetic information.

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Experimental Group

Receives the variable being tested.

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Control Group

Does not receive the variable; used for comparison.

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Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

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Elements

Pure substances with one type of atom.

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Compounds

Contains two or more elements.

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Subatomic Particles

Protons (+), Neutrons (neutral), Electrons (-).

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Ionic Bond

Transfer of electrons.

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Study Notes

  • Here are your study notes

Human Biology

  • The study of human anatomy, physiology, and interactions with the environment.

Seven Characteristics of Life

  • Different Chemistry: Living organisms have unique molecules like DNA and proteins.
  • Energy Use: Cellular respiration converts glucose into ATP.
  • Cellular Composition: All living things are made of cells.
  • Homeostasis: Regulation of body temperature is an example.
  • Response to Environment: Plants growing towards sunlight.
  • Growth & Reproduction: Cells dividing and organisms reproducing.
  • Evolution: Populations changing over generations.

Homeostasis

  • It is the maintenance of stable internal conditions like body temperature.
  • Ensures proper bodily function and survival.

Energy Usage in Organisms

  • Organisms convert food into ATP using cellular respiration for energy.

Three Domains of Life

  • Archaea: Primitive, prokaryotic, and found in extreme environments.
  • Bacteria: Prokaryotic, found in common environments.
  • Eukarya: Eukaryotic, includes plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Four Defining Features of Humans

  • Bipedalism: Ability to walk upright.
  • Opposable thumbs.
  • Large brains.
  • Complex language.

Science

  • It is the study of the natural world through observation and experimentation.
  • Human biology applies scientific methods to study human life.

Scientific Method

  • Observation → Hypothesis → Experiment → Data Collection → Conclusion → Peer Review.

Hypothesis vs. Theory

  • A hypothesis is a testable prediction.
  • A theory is a well-tested explanation supported by evidence.

Peer Review

  • Ensures scientific findings are valid and reliable before publication.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

  • Prokaryotic: No nucleus, simple (e.g., bacteria).
  • Eukaryotic: Has a nucleus, complex (e.g., humans, plants).

Population

  • A group of the same species in an area.
  • Important for understanding the biological hierarchy from individuals to ecosystems.

Levels of Biological Hierarchy

  • Atom → Molecule → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere.

Robert Hooke

  • Discovered cells using a microscope in 1665.

DNA

  • Carries genetic information for inheritance and cell function.

Experimental vs. Control Group

  • Experimental group: Receives the variable being tested.
  • Control group: Does not receive the variable; used for comparison.

Matter

  • Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Elements vs. Compounds

  • Elements: Pure substances with one type of atom (e.g., oxygen).
  • Compounds: Contain two or more elements (e.g., H2O).

Subatomic Particles

  • Protons (+), Neutrons (neutral), Electrons (-).

Atomic Number

  • The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

Isotope

  • An atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons.

Ionic vs. Covalent Bonds

  • Ionic bonds: Transfer of electrons (e.g., NaCl).
  • Covalent bonds: Sharing of electrons (e.g., H2O).

pH Scale

  • Measures the concentration of H+ ions.
  • 0-6 is acidic, 7 is neutral, 8-14 is basic.

Four Macromolecules of Life

  • Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.

Primary Function of Carbohydrates

  • Provide energy (e.g., glucose).

Primary Function of Lipids

  • Long-term energy storage, insulation.

Cell Theory Principles

  • All living things are made of cells.
  • Cells are the basic unit of life.
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Plasma Membrane Function

  • Regulates what enters and exits the cell.

Role of the Nucleus

  • Contains DNA and controls cell activities.

Ribosomes

  • Responsible for synthesizing proteins.

Mitochondria

  • Produces ATP via cellular respiration.

Rough ER vs. Smooth ER

  • Rough ER: Has ribosomes and makes proteins.
  • Smooth ER: No ribosomes and makes lipids.

Golgi Apparatus

  • Modifies, packages, and ships proteins.

Diffusion

  • Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

Osmosis

  • Diffusion of water across a membrane.

Cell in Hypertonic Solution

  • It shrinks due to water loss.

Cell in Hypotonic Solution

  • It swells and may burst due to water intake.

Four Stages of Cellular Respiration

  • Glycolysis, Preparatory Step, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain.

Glycolysis Location

  • Occurs in the cytoplasm.

ATP Production in Cellular Respiration

  • Around 36 ATP per glucose molecule.

Anaerobic Respiration

  • Only 2 ATP produced.
  • Lactic acid builds up.

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Human Biology Study Questions PDF

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Overview of human biology, focusing on anatomy, physiology, and environmental interactions. Explains the seven characteristics of life, including unique chemistry, energy use(ATP), cellular composition, homeostasis, and responses to the environment.

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