Human Biology Study Questions PDF

**Chapter 1: Human Biology, Science, and Society** 1. **What is human biology?** - The study of human anatomy, physiology, and how humans interact with their environment. 2. **List the seven characteristics of life and provide an example of each.** - **Different Chemist...

**Chapter 1: Human Biology, Science, and Society** 1. **What is human biology?** - The study of human anatomy, physiology, and how humans interact with their environment. 2. **List the seven characteristics of life and provide an example of each.** - **Different Chemistry**: Living organisms contain unique molecules (DNA, proteins). - **Energy Use**: Cellular respiration converts glucose into ATP. - **Cellular Composition**: All living things are made of cells. - **Homeostasis**: Body temperature regulation. - **Response to Environment**: Plants grow towards sunlight. - **Growth & Reproduction**: Cells divide, and organisms reproduce. - **Evolution**: Populations change over generations. 3. **What is homeostasis, and why is it important?** - Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable internal conditions (e.g., body temperature). It ensures proper function and survival. 4. **How do organisms use energy, and what process generates it?** - Organisms convert food into ATP through **cellular respiration**. 5. **What are the three domains of life, and how do they differ?** - **Archaea**: Primitive, prokaryotic, extreme environments. - **Bacteria**: Prokaryotic, common environments. - **Eukarya**: Eukaryotic, includes plants, animals, fungi, protists. 6. **What are the four defining features of humans?** - **Bipedalism** (walking upright), **Opposable thumbs**, **Large brains**, **Complex language**. 7. **Define science and describe how it applies to human biology.** - Science is the study of the natural world using observation and experimentation. Human biology applies scientific methods to study human life. 8. **What is the scientific method and its key steps?** - **Observation → Hypothesis → Experiment → Data Collection → Conclusion → Peer Review**. 9. **What is a hypothesis, and how does it differ from a theory?** - A **hypothesis** is a testable prediction, while a **theory** is a well-tested explanation supported by evidence. 10. **What is peer review, and why is it important?** - Peer review ensures scientific findings are valid and reliable before publication. 11. **Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.** - **Prokaryotic**: No nucleus, simple (e.g., bacteria). - **Eukaryotic**: Has a nucleus, complex (e.g., humans, plants). 12. **What is a population, and how does it relate to biological hierarchy?** - A population is a group of the same species in an area. It's part of the biological hierarchy from individuals to ecosystems. 13. **What are the levels of biological hierarchy from smallest to largest?** - **Atom → Molecule → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere**. 14. **Who was Robert Hooke, and why is he significant?** - He discovered cells using a microscope in 1665. 15. **Define DNA and explain its role.** - DNA carries genetic information for inheritance and cell function. 16. **What is an experimental group, and how does it differ from a control group?** - **Experimental group**: Receives the variable being tested. - **Control group**: Does not receive the variable; used for comparison. **Chapter 2: Chemistry & Cells** 1. **What is matter?** - Anything that has mass and occupies space. 2. **What are elements, and how are they different from compounds?** - **Elements** are pure substances with one type of atom (e.g., oxygen). - **Compounds** contain two or more elements (e.g., H₂O). 3. **What are the three subatomic particles and their charges?** - **Protons** (+), **Neutrons** (neutral), **Electrons** (-). 4. **What is the atomic number of an atom?** - The number of protons in its nucleus. 5. **What is an isotope?** - An atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons. 6. **What are ionic and covalent bonds?** - **Ionic bonds**: Transfer of electrons (e.g., NaCl). - **Covalent bonds**: Sharing of electrons (e.g., H₂O). 7. **What is pH, and what does the scale measure?** - pH measures the concentration of H+ ions. **0-6 acidic, 7 neutral, 8-14 basic**. 8. **What are the four macromolecules of life?** - **Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids**. 9. **What is the primary function of carbohydrates?** - Provide energy (e.g., glucose). 10. **What is the primary function of lipids?** - Long-term energy storage, insulation. **Chapter 3: Structure and Function of Cells** 1. **What are the three principles of cell theory?** - All living things are made of cells. - Cells are the basic unit of life. - All cells come from pre-existing cells. 2. **What is the function of the plasma membrane?** - Regulates what enters and exits the cell. 3. **What is the role of the nucleus?** - Contains DNA, controls cell activities. 4. **What are ribosomes responsible for?** - Protein synthesis. 5. **What does the mitochondria do?** - Produces ATP via cellular respiration. 6. **What is the difference between rough and smooth ER?** - **Rough ER**: Has ribosomes, makes proteins. - **Smooth ER**: No ribosomes, makes lipids. 7. **What does the Golgi apparatus do?** - Modifies, packages, and ships proteins. 8. **What is diffusion?** - Movement of molecules from high to low concentration. 9. **What is osmosis?** - Diffusion of water across a membrane. 10. **What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?** - It shrinks due to water loss. 11. **What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?** - It swells and may burst due to water intake. 12. **What are the four stages of cellular respiration?** - Glycolysis, Preparatory Step, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain. 13. **Where does glycolysis occur?** - In the cytoplasm. 14. **How much ATP does cellular respiration produce?** - Around **36 ATP** per glucose molecule. 15. **What happens in anaerobic respiration?** - Only **2 ATP** are produced, and lactic acid builds up.