Questions and Answers
What is the presence of gas or air in the pleural cavity called?
Which exposure technique is necessary to effectively penetrate all thoracic anatomy?
How far above the shoulders should the image receptor be placed for PA and lateral chest radiographs?
What is the correct hand placement for a PA projection of the chest?
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What is the central-ray angle for a PA projection of the chest?
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What is the optimal phase of respiration for a PA or lateral chest radiograph?
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How many ribs should be visible above the diaphragm on a PA chest radiograph?
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Which plane must be parallel with the IR during a lateral chest radiograph?
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Which structure does NOT belong to the respiratory system?
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What is the term used for the area located between the two lungs?
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In anatomical terms, where is the trachea positioned in relation to the esophagus?
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What is the name of the hooklike process found on the last tracheal cartilage?
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How many secondary bronchi are present in the right lung?
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What is the characteristic substance that makes up the lungs?
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Why is the right lung shorter in comparison to the left lung?
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Which of the following is a double-walled serous membrane sac that encloses the lung?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Overview
- The respiratory system includes the lungs, trachea, and pharynx; the esophagus is not part of this system.
- The mediastinum is the area located between the two lungs.
Anatomy of the Trachea and Lungs
- The trachea lies anterior to the esophagus.
- The last tracheal cartilage has a hook-like process called the carina.
- In the right lung, there are three secondary bronchi, while the left lung has two.
Lung Structure and Positioning
- The lungs contain a spongy, elastic substance known as parenchyma.
- The apex of the lung extends above the clavicle.
- The right lung is shorter than the left due to the position of the liver.
Pleural Membrane
- The pleura is a double-walled serous membrane that surrounds each lung.
Mediastinum Structures
- The thymus gland resides in the mediastinum, located behind the manubrium.
Patient Positioning for Examinations
- The optimal patient position for examining heart and lungs is upright.
- In lateral chest radiographs, the upright left lateral position is preferred because it brings the patient's heart closer to the image receptor.
Thoracic Anatomy and Techniques
- Pneumothorax refers to the presence of air in the pleural cavity.
- High kilovolt peak (kVp) exposure techniques are necessary to penetrate thoracic anatomy.
Imaging Techniques for Chest Radiographs
- For PA and lateral chest radiographs, the image receptor (IR) should be positioned 1.5 to 2 inches above the shoulders.
- For a PA projection, hands should be placed on the back of the hips.
- The central-ray angle for a PA projection of the chest is perpendicular.
- Optimal respiration for a PA or lateral chest radiograph is at full inspiration during the second breath.
Rib Visualization and Lateral Positioning
- Ten ribs should be visible above the diaphragm on a PA chest radiograph.
- When taking a lateral chest radiograph, the midsagittal plane must be parallel to the IR to reduce distortion.
Body Rotation for Oblique Projections
- A body rotation of 45 degrees is required for routine AP or PA oblique chest radiography.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the respiratory system with this quiz. Questions cover the structure and function of various components including the trachea, lungs, and mediastinum. Perfect for students studying human anatomy.
