Human Anatomy Respiratory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the epiglottis?

  • To produce vocal sounds
  • To drain the middle ears
  • To direct food into the esophagus (correct)
  • To help with speech

The pharyngeal tonsil is located at the base of the tongue.

False (B)

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

  • To filter incoming air
  • To produce mucus
  • To humidify the air
  • To facilitate gas exchange (correct)

What is the common name for the pharyngeal tonsil?

<p>Adenoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nasal cavity plays no role in warming incoming air.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ are lymphatic tissues that help protect the body from infection.

<p>tonsils</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for sound production?

<p>Larynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main structures included in the upper respiratory tract?

<p>Nose, pharynx, larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity.

<p>palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their locations:

<p>Pharyngeal tonsil = Nasopharynx Palatine tonsils = Oropharynx Lingual tonsil = Base of tongue Tubal tonsils = Openings of pharyngotympanic tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions refers to inflammation of the nasal mucosa?

<p>Rhinitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If food enters the larynx, it will trigger a cough reflex.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the projections on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.

<p>Conchae</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main roles of the larynx?

<p>Routing air and food, and facilitating speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following respiratory structures with their functions:

<p>Nasal cavity = Purifies and humidifies air Sinuses = Lightens skull and resonates speech Pharynx = Muscular passageway for air Larynx = Voice production</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mucus in the nasal cavity traps incoming ______ and debris.

<p>bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the trachealis muscle?

<p>Completing the wall of the trachea posteriorly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The right main bronchus is longer than the left main bronchus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of pleura that cover the lungs and line the thoracic cavity?

<p>Visceral pleura and parietal pleura</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ maneuver is used to expel an obstructing piece of food from a person's airway.

<p>Heimlich</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the respiratory system with their functions:

<p>Alveoli = Site of gas exchange Bronchioles = Conducting passageways to alveoli Pleural fluid = Allows lungs to glide during breathing Lobes = Divisions of each lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can pleurisy, an inflammation of the pleurae, result from?

<p>Insufficient secretion of pleural fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The respiratory zone includes structures such as respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many lobes does the right lung have?

<p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of alveolar macrophages?

<p>Pick up debris and bacteria in the alveoli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pulmonary ventilation is the process by which gas exchange occurs between the alveoli and capillary blood.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during inhalation?

<p>It decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process where gases are exchanged between the blood and body cells is known as __________.

<p>internal respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following respiratory processes with their definitions:

<p>External respiration = Gas exchange between the pulmonary blood and alveoli Inspiration = Muscle contraction increases thoracic cavity volume Expiration = Passive process of exhaling air from the lungs Tidal volume = Amount of air moved during normal breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about expiration is true?

<p>It is mostly a passive process. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During atelectasis, the lungs maintain normal ventilation capability.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical tidal volume during normal quiet breathing?

<p>500 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

<p>To indicate the amount of air that can be taken in forcibly above the tidal volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Residual volume is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What device is used to measure respiratory capacities?

<p>Spirometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as a ______ ion.

<p>bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the total amount of exchangeable air?

<p>4,800 ml (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the respiratory sounds with their descriptions:

<p>Bronchial sounds = Produced by air rushing through the trachea Vesicular sounds = Soft murmurs as air fills the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Internal respiration is the gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond tidal expiration?

<p>1,200 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of internal respiration?

<p>Gas exchange between blood and tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypoxia refers to the condition of having too much oxygen in the tissues.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the medulla oblongata in respiration?

<p>It controls the respiratory rhythm and depth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

___ is the process characterized by increased breathing rate and depth beyond the body's needs.

<p>Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)?

<p>Hyperpnea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major lifestyle factor is commonly associated with COPD?

<p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

The phrenic nerves are responsible for regulating the activity of the ___ muscles during respiration.

<p>diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the respiratory conditions with their descriptions:

<p>Hypoxia = Inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues COPD = Major cause of death and disability related to smoking Chronic bronchitis = Inflammation and excessive mucus in the respiratory passages Hypercapnia = Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<h1>=</h1> <h1>=</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nose

The only externally visible part of the respiratory system. It warms, humidifies, and cleanses incoming air.

Upper Respiratory Tract

The upper respiratory tract includes the passageways from the nose to the larynx.

Lower Respiratory Tract

The lower respiratory tract includes the passageways from the trachea to the alveoli.

Conchae

Three mucosa-covered projections in the nasal cavity, increasing surface area to help warm and humidify air.

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Pharynx

A muscular tube that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx. There are three parts: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

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Nasal Mucosa

The lining of the nasal cavity that warms and humidifies inhaled air, traps bacteria and dust.

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Lysozyme

Enzyme found in nasal mucus that destroys bacteria.

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Rhinitis

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa, causing congestion and excess mucus production.

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What is the epiglottis?

A flap of elastic cartilage that prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing.

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How are the pharyngotympanic tubes and the throat connected?

The pharyngotympanic tubes drain the middle ear and open into the nasopharynx. The mucosae of these two regions are continuous, so ear infections can spread from the throat to the middle ear.

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What are tonsils?

Clusters of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx that help protect the body from infection.

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What is the thyroid cartilage?

The largest of the hyaline cartilages, it's the shield-shaped cartilage that protrudes anteriorly and is commonly called the Adam's apple.

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What are the vocal folds?

The two folds of tissue in the larynx that vibrate with expelled air to produce sound.

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What is the glottis?

The slit-like passageway between the vocal folds. This is the space where air passes through to create sound.

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What is the trachea?

The windpipe, a tube made of cartilage rings that connects the larynx to the lungs. It carries air to and from the lungs.

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How do the cartilage rings in the trachea help with swallowing?

The C-shaped rings of cartilage in the trachea allow the esophagus to expand anteriorly when we swallow.

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Trachealis Muscle

A muscle that helps to control the opening and closing of the trachea (windpipe). It is located at the back of the trachea, next to the esophagus.

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Heimlich Maneuver

A maneuver that uses air from the lungs to expel an object stuck in the airway. This is often used to help someone who is choking.

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Cilia

Tiny hair-like structures in the airways that move mucus and foreign particles upward, helping to keep the respiratory system clean.

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Main (Primary) Bronchi

The two large tubes that branch off from the trachea and carry air to the lungs.

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Hilum

The point where the main bronchus enters the lung, forming a small depression.

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Apex of the Lung

The upper, narrow portion of each lung, located near the collarbone.

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Base of the Lung

The broad, lower portion of each lung that rests on the diaphragm.

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Pulmonary (Visceral) Pleura

The thin, slippery membrane that covers the lungs. It helps with the smooth movement of the lungs during breathing.

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Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled above the normal tidal volume.

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Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

The amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal breath.

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Residual Volume

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forceful exhalation.

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Vital Capacity

The total amount of exchangeable air in the lungs, including the tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.

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Dead Space Volume

The air in the respiratory passageways (trachea, bronchi) that does not participate in gas exchange.

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External Respiration

The exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood.

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Internal Respiration

The exchange of gases between the blood and the body tissues.

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Hemoglobin

The protein found in red blood cells that binds and carries oxygen.

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Pulmonary ventilation

The movement of air in and out of the lungs, primarily driven by pressure differences between the atmosphere and the lungs, allowing for gas exchange. It's simply the process of breathing.

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Respiratory gas transport

Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the bloodstream between the lungs and body tissues. This is how oxygen reaches your cells and CO2 is carried away.

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Inspiration

The process of inhaling air into the lungs. This is driven by an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity, creating a lower pressure in the lungs, causing air to flow in.

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Expiration

The process of exhaling air from the lungs. It is often passive, relying on the elastic recoil of the lungs to contract and force air out.

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Tidal volume

The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each normal breath. It's the amount of air you inhale and exhale during quiet breathing.

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Intrapleural pressure

The pressure within the pleural space, which is always lower than the pressure inside the lungs. It's fundamental to keeping the lungs inflated.

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Hypoxia

A condition where the body's tissues are not receiving enough oxygen, which can be caused by poor blood flow, lung problems, or low oxygen levels in the air.

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Carbon dioxide transport in blood

The process by which carbon dioxide combines with water in the blood to form carbonic acid, which quickly releases bicarbonate ions.

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Medullary respiratory centers

The two main breathing centers in the medulla oblongata that control the rhythm and depth of breathing.

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Hyperpnea

Increased breathing rate and depth, usually in response to exercise or high carbon dioxide levels.

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Hyperventilation

A condition where breathing is too rapid and deep, leading to excessive carbon dioxide removal from the blood, making it more alkaline.

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A group of lung diseases characterized by airflow obstruction, usually caused by smoking or other irritants.

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Chronic bronchitis

A type of COPD where the airways are inflamed and produce excess mucus, leading to coughing and difficulty breathing.

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Study Notes

Respiratory System Overview

  • The respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together to supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
  • Respiratory organs include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs (containing alveoli).
  • Gas exchange occurs only in the alveoli.
  • Upper respiratory tract: structures from nose to larynx
  • Lower respiratory tract: structures from trachea to alveoli
  • Conducting pathways purify, humidify, and warm air.

Nose

  • External part of the respiratory system.
  • Divided by a nasal septum.
  • Olfactory receptors for smell are located in the superior nasal cavity, near the ethmoid bone.
  • Respiratory mucosa lining the nasal cavity creates mucus to moisten and trap foreign particles. Lysozymes in the mucosa destroy bacteria.
  • Conchae (3 projections) increase surface area.
  • Nasal cavity separated from oral cavity by the palate (hard anteriorly, soft posteriorly).

Paranasal Sinuses

  • Surrounding the nasal cavity, located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones.
  • Lighten the skull and act as resonance chambers.
  • Produce mucus that drains into nasal cavities.

Pharynx (Throat)

  • Muscular passageway, about 13 cm long.
  • Common passage for food and air.
  • Connects nasal cavity to larynx and esophagus.
  • Has three sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.
  • Food is directed to the esophagus by the epiglottis.
  • Auditory tubes (eustachian tubes) open into the nasopharynx.
  • Tonsils (pharyngeal, palatine, lingual) are located in the pharynx; part of the lymphatic system.

Larynx (Voice Box)

  • Inferior to the pharynx.
  • Formed by 8 rigid cartilages.
  • Epiglottis (spoon-shaped flap) guards airway during swallowing.
  • Vocal folds (true vocal cords) vibrate to produce sound.
  • Glottis is the slitlike passage between vocal folds.
  • Thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple) is the largest cartilage.

Trachea (Windpipe)

  • From larynx to thoracic cavity (midchest).
  • Reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings.
  • Lined with cilia that move mucus upward.
  • Goblet cells produce mucus to trap debris.
  • Trachealis muscle is posterior to allow esophagus expansion.

Bronchi

  • Trachea divides into the left and right bronchi which enter the lungs.
  • Right bronchus wider and shorter than left.

Lungs

  • Occupy thoracic cavity (except mediastinum).
  • Apex (superior) sits above clavicle.
  • Base sits on diaphragm.
  • Divided into lobes (left lung - 2 lobes, right lung - 3 lobes).
  • Covered by pulmonary pleura.

Bronchial Tree

  • Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller bronchioles.
  • Alveoli (tiny air sacs) form the respiratory zone, site of gas exchange.
  • Alveolar pores connect alveoli for alternate air routes.
  • Alveolar macrophages ("dust cells") remove debris.
  • Surfactant prevents alveolar collapse.

Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)

  • Inspiration: thoracic cavity volume increases, lung pressure decreases, air moves in.
  • Expiration: thoracic cavity volume decreases, lung pressure increases, air moves out.
  • Tidal volume (TV): amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath.
  • Reserve volumes (inspiratory, expiratory): volumes of air that can be inhaled or exhaled beyond normal TV.
  • Vital capacity: total volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation.

External Respiration

  • Gas exchange between alveoli and blood (pulmonary).
  • Oxygen loading, Carbon dioxide unloading.
  • Blood from the pulmonary circuit changes from dark red to bright red.

Internal Respiration

  • Gas exchange between blood and tissues.
  • Oxygen unloading, Carbon dioxide loading.
  • Blood changes from bright red to dark red.

Regulation of Respiration

  • Neural centers in the medulla oblongata and pons control respiratory rhythm and depth.
  • Chemical factors (e.g., CO2 levels, blood pH) also play a role in regulating breathing.
  • Emotional factors can affect breathing rate and depth.

Nonrespiratory Air Movements

  • Coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccups, yawning, are non-respiratory air movements.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

  • Major causes of death and disability worldwide.
  • Often associated with smoking.
  • Emphysema, chronic bronchitis are examples of COPD.
  • Characterized by labored breathing episodes and lung infections.

Other Respiratory Conditions

  • Conditions like sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), infant respiratory distress syndrome(IRDS), and cystic fibrosis.

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Respiratory System PDF

Description

Test your knowledge of the respiratory system with this quiz! You'll explore the functions of various structures such as the epiglottis, alveoli, and larynx, and their roles in maintaining respiratory health. Perfect for students studying human anatomy or physiology.

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