Human Anatomy: Respiratory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the respiratory system?

  • Regulation of body temperature and hormone levels
  • Uptake of nutrients and elimination of waste
  • Uptake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide (correct)
  • Absorption of vitamins and minerals

    • Which of the following components does NOT participate in gas exchange?

  • Pulmonary veins
  • Larynx (correct)
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveoli

    • What are the pulmonary arteries responsible for?

  • Carrying oxygenated blood to the left atrium
  • Carrying deoxygenated blood from the right heart to the lungs (correct)
  • Carrying oxygenated blood to the body
  • Carrying deoxygenated blood from the lungs

    • Which function is NOT performed by the conducting airways?

    <p>Gas exchange between air and blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is located at the bottom of the respiratory system anatomy?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily alters the function of cilia in the conducting airways?

    <p>Oxygen levels and drying conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lobes does the right lung have?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessel carries oxygenated blood back to the heart?

    <p>Pulmonary veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily influences the total resistance in smaller airways?

    <p>Their cross-sectional area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is primarily involved in automatic control of breathing?

    <p>Chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are central chemoreceptors located?

    <p>Medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion?

    <p>Irritant receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does diffusion in the respiratory system refer to?

    <p>Movement of gases between lungs and blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is most oxygen transported in the blood?

    <p>Bound to hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to hemoglobin saturation at a partial pressure of oxygen ($PO_2$) above 100 mm Hg?

    <p>Saturation remains constant around 98%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition would primarily decrease oxygen carrying capacity of blood?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?

    <p>As bicarbonate and attached to hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the role of stretch receptors in the lungs?

    <p>To monitor lung inflation and establish breathing patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypoxemia characterized by?

    <p>Inadequate oxygen levels in arterial blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes significantly impact gas diffusion in the lungs?

    <p>Thickening of the alveolar capillary membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'perfusion' refer to in the context of the respiratory system?

    <p>Flow of blood in the pulmonary capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Type I alveolar cells?

    <p>To perform gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does bronchospasm have on the airways?

    <p>It narrows the airway lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about pulmonary surfactant is correct?

    <p>It decreases surface tension in the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the process of expiration?

    <p>Air is forced out of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cigarette smoking affect the cilia in the respiratory system?

    <p>It slows or paralyzes cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributes to decreased lung compliance in pulmonary fibrosis?

    <p>Scar tissue replacing elastin fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary muscle involved in the process of inspiration?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines airway resistance?

    <p>The impediment to airflow through the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected respiratory rate for a healthy adult?

    <p>12 to 20 breaths per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is likely to increase chest wall compliance?

    <p>Loss of body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the respiratory system does gas exchange primarily occur?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily controls the ease of air movement into and out of the lungs?

    <p>Airway resistance and compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the tracheobronchial tree?

    <p>It is a system of branching tubes with 23 generations of branching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Type II alveolar cells play in lung function?

    <p>Production of pulmonary surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pulmonary ventilation in the respiratory system?

    <p>Total exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung volume refers to the air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation?

    <p>Residual Volume (RV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high V/Q ratio indicate?

    <p>Areas are being ventilated but not appropriately perfused.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'dead airspace'?

    <p>Air that does not participate in gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a peak flow meter?

    <p>To measure maximum exhalation rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these lung capacities represents the maximal volume of air that can be inhaled from the end of a quiet expiration?

    <p>Inspiratory Capacity (IC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can lead to falsely low readings on a pulse oximeter?

    <p>Nail polish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lung condition might cause a physiologic shunt?

    <p>Atelectasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to determine a patient's personal best peak flow measurement?

    <p>Perform measurements when asthma is controlled over several weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pulmonary function tests (PFTs)?

    <p>To monitor and screen for lung diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement reflects the percentage of the forced vital capacity (FVC) that is expired in the first second?

    <p>Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should a patient's personal best peak flow be reevaluated?

    <p>Every year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can obstructing a pulmonary blood vessel lead to in terms of lung function?

    <p>Alveolar dead space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of peak flow monitoring?

    <p>It should not be used interchangeably with different meters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of obstructive lung disease?

    <p>Increased resistance to expiratory airflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cannot be determined by spirometry?

    <p>Residual Volume (RV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the total lung capacity (TLC)?

    <p>The total air in the lungs after maximal inhalation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of obstructive lung disease?

    <p>Heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might smoking lead to inaccurately high readings on a pulse oximeter?

    <p>By causing increased carbon monoxide levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic factors are considered during a spirometry test?

    <p>Age, height, sex, and race</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might baseline and periodic PFTs be performed for a patient on amiodarone?

    <p>To monitor for interstitial lung disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What supports the need for a step-by-step asthma action plan?

    <p>To guide patients through exacerbation situations effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an incorrect step in the technique for using a peak flow meter?

    <p>Taking multiple measurements and using the lowest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group has the highest prevalence of asthma according to recent statistics?

    <p>Females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be cleaned to ensure accurate readings from a peak flow meter?

    <p>The entire device including the device exterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes the decrease in the FEV1/FVC ratio in patients with asthma?

    <p>A decrease in FEV1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a low FEV1 to FVC ratio?

    <p>An obstructive defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the consequences of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?

    <p>Increased risk of COPD and liver diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates marked reversibility in FEV1 after bronchodilator administration in adults?

    <p>Increase of 12% and 200mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a low FVC indicate in spirometry results?

    <p>Restrictive lung disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using peak flow monitoring, which statement is true regarding its use?

    <p>Can be used long-term for patients with uncontrolled asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is considered the most effective anti-inflammatory treatment for asthma?

    <p>Inhaled corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change in FEV1 is indicative of acute bronchodilator responsiveness?

    <p>An increase of more than 12% and more than 200 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most directly related to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

    <p>Cigarette smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of arterial blood gases reflects acid/base status?

    <p>HCO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a pH value below 7.35 indicate?

    <p>Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do leukotriene modifiers play in asthma treatment?

    <p>They interrupt the inflammatory pathway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as a short-acting bronchodilator?

    <p>Salmeterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition would you expect to see increased PaCO2?

    <p>Respiratory acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compensatory response occurs in the lungs with metabolic disorders?

    <p>Increased ventilation to decrease PaCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the peak expiratory flow rate in asthma patients is true?

    <p>It indicates the speed of air expelled during forced exhalation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population is more likely to report higher prevalence of COPD?

    <p>Women and older adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component that indicates respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Increased PaCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a SaO2 level of 92% at sea level?

    <p>Mild oxygen desaturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of anti-IgE therapy for asthma?

    <p>It targets mast cells to reduce IgE levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increase in bicarbonate levels indicate?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would likely happen to total lung capacity (TLC) in asthma patients?

    <p>TLC may increase due to hyperinflation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In asthma management, what role does a combination inhaler play?

    <p>Combines a beta-2 agonist with an inhaled corticosteroid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by decreased pH and metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Decreased HCO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant economic factor associated with COPD in the US?

    <p>Cost attributable to millions of lost workdays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using pulse oximetry?

    <p>Measure oxygen saturation of the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about the use of oral corticosteroids in asthma treatment?

    <p>They are primarily for maintenance treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following values is considered normal for bicarbonate (HCO3) in arterial blood gases?

    <p>22-26 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary genetic factor associated with asthma predisposition?

    <p>Atopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the physiological mechanism of bronchoconstriction?

    <p>Vagal stimulation and cholinergic receptor activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes variable expiratory airflow limitation in asthma?

    <p>Episodic airflow obstruction that can change in intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors could contribute to airway remodeling in asthma?

    <p>Chronic inflammation and repeated exacerbations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hallmark feature of asthma?

    <p>Bronchial hyperresponsiveness to inhaled triggers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with asthma that may occur at night?

    <p>Coughing due to mucus hypersecretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does FEV1 measure in the context of asthma?

    <p>Amount of air forcefully exhaled in 1 second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a common environmental trigger of asthma?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does exposure to secondhand smoke influence asthma development?

    <p>It is a risk factor for asthma due to inflammatory effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do inflammatory mediators like histamine play in asthma?

    <p>They directly cause bronchoconstriction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding asthma symptoms?

    <p>They can worsen during specific times or conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might contribute to decreased lung function during an asthma exacerbation?

    <p>Increased work of breathing and airway obstruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental factor has been associated with chronic asthma symptoms?

    <p>Prolonged exposure to air pollution like smog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is associated with an increased risk of developing COPD?

    <p>Childhood respiratory infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes emphysema in the context of COPD?

    <p>Permanent enlargement of airspaces with capillary destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with COPD?

    <p>Severe chest pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In COPD, what does the FEV1/FVC ratio typically indicate?

    <p>It is decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments has a major role in COPD management?

    <p>Inhaled bronchodilators such as beta-2 agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of smoking cessation for COPD patients?

    <p>Reduced symptoms and slowed disease progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical manifestation is commonly observed in late-stage COPD?

    <p>Cyanosis and cachexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary mechanism contributes to airflow obstruction in COPD?

    <p>Submucosal gland hypertrophy and mucus overproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about 'asthma COPD overlap' is true?

    <p>It may feature both asthma and COPD symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical characteristic may indicate lung hyperinflation in advanced COPD?

    <p>Barrel chest appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically observed in pulmonary function tests for patients with COPD?

    <p>Decreased FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of chronic bronchitis in COPD?

    <p>Chronic cough with sputum for an extended period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do inhaled corticosteroids play in COPD treatment compared to asthma?

    <p>They have a smaller role than in managing asthma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an effect of air trapping due to loss of elasticity in COPD?

    <p>Retention of carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for a tachypneic pattern of breathing in interstitial lung disease?

    <p>Less work to increase respiratory rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with advanced interstitial lung disease?

    <p>Persistent, non-productive dry cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment option for patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)?

    <p>Antifibrotic medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor has been identified as a risk for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?

    <p>Genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment strategy is NOT typically included in supportive care for IPF?

    <p>Chemotherapy drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a known side effect of the drug bleomycin?

    <p>Pulmonary toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is commonly observed in patients with advanced interstitial lung disease?

    <p>Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for patients diagnosed with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?

    <p>Mean survival rate of about two and a half to five years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic is most commonly affected by Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?

    <p>Adults aged 50-70</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant risk factor for drug-induced interstitial lung disease?

    <p>Age and cumulative drug exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of medication is most commonly associated with drug-induced interstitial lung disease?

    <p>Cancer chemotherapeutic agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does pulmonary toxicity risk change with amiodarone usage?

    <p>Risk is highest during the first six to twelve months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential outcome of discontinuing a medication that causes drug-induced interstitial lung disease?

    <p>Improvement in patient symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a common medication associated with drug-induced interstitial lung disease?

    <p>Ibuprofen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the number of new cases of a specific type of cancer within a population in a given year?

    <p>Cancer Incidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cancer types accounts for the highest percentage of new cancer deaths in 2024?

    <p>Lung and bronchus cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of projected new cancer cases in 2024 is expected to be breast cancer?

    <p>16%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes tumor cells that can spread to other parts of the body?

    <p>Malignant tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant trend in cancer survival rates was observed from 1970-1977 to 2007-2013?

    <p>Overall improvement in five-year survival rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of the cell cycle involves the duplication of DNA?

    <p>S Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures DNA integrity before mitosis occurs?

    <p>G2 checkpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of all cancer-related deaths is attributed to pancreatic cancer in 2024?

    <p>8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein acts as a regulatory mechanism during the cell cycle by forming a complex with CDKs?

    <p>Cyclins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the approximate number of cancer deaths in the US in 2024?

    <p>611,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cancer is unique to males and does not occur in females?

    <p>Prostate cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the difference between projected and actual cancer death rates from 1975 to 2020?

    <p>Indicates improvements in cancer treatment and prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been reported about the death rate for pancreatic cancer from 2018 to 2022?

    <p>Increased slightly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of restrictive lung disease?

    <p>Inability to get sufficient air into the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method for measuring total lung capacity?

    <p>SpO2 measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is obstructive lung disease primarily characterized?

    <p>Difficulty exhaling air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a decrease in total lung capacity indicate?

    <p>Restrictive lung disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of interstitial lung disease?

    <p>Gradual onset of dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication characteristic is important when creating a treatment plan for restrictive lung disease?

    <p>Patient preferences and individual health conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can cause mechanical restrictions in restrictive lung disease?

    <p>Obesity and chest wall deformities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of anticoagulation therapy in treating VTE?

    <p>To prevent new clots from forming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pulmonary function tests, what is the expected FEV1 to FVC ratio in restrictive lung disease?

    <p>Normal or increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by both outward and lateral curvature of the spine?

    <p>Kyphoscoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)?

    <p>Used mainly in outpatient settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is considered a disease of the lungs causing restrictive lung disease?

    <p>Interstitial lung disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which risk factor for VTE is associated with significant immobilization?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a systemic autoimmune disorder affecting lung function?

    <p>Sarcoidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would a D-dimer test be particularly useful?

    <p>To rule out the presence of a PE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of pharmacotherapy is crucial in managing restrictive lung disease symptoms?

    <p>Ensuring patient understands inhaler use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surgical procedure is associated with a high risk of VTE?

    <p>Major orthopedic surgery like knee replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could lead to a decrease in lung compliance in restrictive lung disease?

    <p>Increased elastic recoil of lung tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is an example of a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC)?

    <p>Rivaroxaban</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of scan is commonly used as a second-line test to diagnose pulmonary embolism?

    <p>Ventilation/Perfusion Scan (V/Q Scan)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant complication associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

    <p>Chronic respiratory failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following situations is a contraindication for the use of thrombolytics?

    <p>Acute ischemic stroke within the last 3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus for preventing long-term complications of VTE?

    <p>Preventing post-thrombotic syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of elevated D-dimer levels indicate?

    <p>Possible clot breakdown in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of graduated compression stockings in VTE prevention?

    <p>Enhance blood flow by improving venous circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to hypercoagulability?

    <p>Malignancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment option for patients with severe pulmonary embolism?

    <p>Thrombolytics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient population is recommended for VTE prophylaxis?

    <p>Patients with a previous history of DVT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of pulmonary embolism?

    <p>Thrombi from deep veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary effect of obesity on lung function?

    <p>Decreased total lung capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is obstructive sleep apnea related to obesity?

    <p>It results from increased fat deposition in the neck area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) experiences a recurrent event within 10 years?

    <p>33%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parameter is most affected by increasing body mass index (BMI) regarding lung function?

    <p>Functional residual capacity (FRC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of V/Q mismatch in pulmonary embolism?

    <p>It results in wasted ventilation and impaired gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about pulmonary embolism is FALSE?

    <p>It is often caused by thrombi from the upper extremities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of embolism is most commonly associated with liposuction procedures?

    <p>Fat embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is considered a major consequence of untreated obstructive sleep apnea?

    <p>Heart attack and stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of corticosteroids in the treatment of drug-induced interstitial lung disease?

    <p>They may be used in some cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of pulmonary embolism?

    <p>Shortness of breath and chest pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of hemostasis primarily responsible for?

    <p>Preventing abnormal bleeding and thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do more than 95% of pulmonary thromboemboli originate?

    <p>Lower extremity deep veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the release of hypoxia-inducing factors (HIFs) in tumor cells?

    <p>Hypoxia in the tumor's center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process allows cancer cells to enter the bloodstream during metastasis?

    <p>Intravasation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do surviving cancer cells in the bloodstream often avoid detection by the immune system?

    <p>By aggregating platelets around themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors?

    <p>Malignant tumors can invade surrounding tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of angiogenesis in the process of metastasis?

    <p>To establish new blood vessels for tumor growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about benign tumors?

    <p>They usually originate from highly differentiated cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is NOT typically used to identify metastatic tumors?

    <p>Biochemical Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tumor is named with the suffix '-sarcoma'?

    <p>Malignant solid tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agent requires biotransformation to become active and damage DNA?

    <p>Aflatoxin B1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tumor grade indicates an undetermined degree of abnormality?

    <p>Grade X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of cancer cells contributes to their ability to metastasize?

    <p>Ability to thrive in matrix-deficient environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What commonly used system categorizes cancer stages based on tumor size and number, lymph node involvement, and metastasis?

    <p>TNM System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which primary cancer site is commonly associated with metastasis to the liver?

    <p>Colon cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cancer cells are often poorly differentiated and resemble progenitor cells?

    <p>Malignant tumor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cancer cells typically evade programmed cell death?

    <p>Through increased levels of telomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of tumor grading?

    <p>To predict tumor growth rate and spread tendency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can develop into malignant tumors over time?

    <p>Benign tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During extravasation, what do cancer cells secrete to facilitate their migration into distal organs?

    <p>Proteases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a function of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) expressed by cancer cells?

    <p>They may be recognized by immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage is defined as carcinoma in situ with localized growth?

    <p>Stage 0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean for cancer cells to have altered cell-to-cell interactions?

    <p>They ignore signals to stop growing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does NOT influence the site preference of cancer metastasis?

    <p>Chemical composition of the tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hypoxia on tumor cells regarding angiogenesis?

    <p>Stimulation of hypoxia-inducing factors release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does angiogenesis play in tumor development?

    <p>It allows increased blood flow to the tumor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common feature of cancer cell morphology?

    <p>Abnormal size and shape of cells and nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mutation is associated with the uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells?

    <p>Gain of function mutations in the RAS gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens to cellular adherence in cancer cells?

    <p>They exhibit reduced ability to adhere to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Rb protein in the cell cycle?

    <p>Regulating the transition from G1 to S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about oncogenes is true?

    <p>They promote abnormal cell growth when mutated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the E7 protein from HPV contribute to cancer development?

    <p>It releases E2F from Rb, allowing cell cycle progression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the p53 gene play in DNA damage response?

    <p>It activates DNA repair mechanisms or triggers apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of mutations in proto-oncogenes?

    <p>Abnormal activation of growth signaling pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by a mutation in the p53 gene leading to multiple tumor types?

    <p>Li-Fraumeni syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk of exposure to carcinogens in relation to DNA?

    <p>They create covalent adducts with DNA, causing mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are benign tumors different from malignant tumors?

    <p>Benign tumors do not proliferate but retain some proliferation capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors are categorized as initiators and promoters in cancer risk?

    <p>Both genetic and environmental cues can influence cancer development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins are directly targeted by E6 and E7 during HPV infection?

    <p>p53 and Rb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of cyclin-CDK complexes in the cell cycle?

    <p>They activate proteins that control various phases of the cell cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do stem-like malignant tumor cells differ from differentiated benign tumor cells?

    <p>Malignant cells are less differentiated and highly proliferative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential outcomes when p53 is inactivated in a cell?

    <p>The cell may proceed through the cell cycle with damaged DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of virus is responsible for most cervical cancers through its risk factors?

    <p>HPV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of radiation is known to induce DNA damage and increase cancer risk?

    <p>Ultraviolet radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of Respiratory Physiology

    • Primary role: Uptake of oxygen for tissue metabolism and removal of carbon dioxide.
    • Achieved through ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion.
    • Ventilation: Movement of gases into and out of lungs.
    • Perfusion: Blood movement through lungs.
    • Diffusion: Transfer of gases between lungs and blood.

    Components of the Respiratory System

    • Lungs: Include conducting airways and respiratory tissues.
    • Conducting Airways: Air passageways without gas exchange; larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
    • Respiratory Tissues: Areas for gas exchange; respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.
    • Pulmonary Vascular System:
      • Pulmonary Arteries: Carry deoxygenated blood to lungs.
      • Pulmonary Veins: Carry oxygenated blood to heart.
      • Bronchial Circulation: Supplies blood to lung structures.
    • Rib Cage and Respiratory Muscles:
      • Diaphragm, intercostals, and accessory muscles.
    • Lung Lobes: Left lung has 2 lobes, right lung has 3 lobes.
    • Mediastinum: Space between lungs containing heart, esophagus, and other structures.
    • Alveoli: Tiny sacs where gas exchange occurs.

    Conducting Airways

    • Function: Warm, humidify, and filter inhaled air.
    • Lining: Epithelium with mucus-secreting glands, ciliated cells, and serous glands.
    • Mucociliary blanket: Traps bacteria, dust, and particles.
    • Cilia movement: Toward oropharynx.
    • Epithelial changes: Vary from bronchi to bronchioles to alveoli.
    • Smoking effects: Slows/paralyzes cilia, leading to accumulation and COPD.
    • Airway walls: Contain cartilage, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle.
    • Cartilage decreases, smooth muscle increases with branching.
    • Bronchospasm (smooth muscle contraction) narrows airways.

    Tracheobronchial Tree

    • Branching system with 23 generations.
    • Increased cross-sectional area for gas exchange.
    • Conducting and respiratory airways.

    Respiratory Airways

    • Lobules: Smallest functional units of the lung, containing respiratory bronchioles, alveoli, and capillaries.
    • Terminal airspace: Alveoli for gas exchange.
    • Alveolar cells (types I and II):
      • Type I: Gas exchange.
      • Type II: Surfactant production and Type I precursor.
      • Surfactant: Reduces surface tension for lung inflation.

    Mechanics of Breathing

    • Inspiration: Diaphragm contracts, chest expands, intrathoracic pressure decreases.
    • Expiration: Diaphragm relaxes, chest recoils, intrathoracic pressure increases.
    • Bellows Analogy: Pressure changes drive air movement.
    • Normal respiratory rate: 12-20 breaths/minute.

    Respiratory Muscles

    • Diaphragm: Principal muscle for inspiration.
    • External intercostals: Assist diaphragm by raising and rotating ribs.
    • Accessory muscles: Sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles; used during exercise or distress.

    Compliance

    • Lung compliance: Ease of lung inflation (elastic fibers).
    • Chest wall compliance: Flexibility of thoracic cage.
    • Surface tension: Higher surface tension decreases compliance.
    • Surfactant: Decreases surface tension and increases compliance.
    • Premature infants: May have insufficient surfactant, leading to respiratory distress syndrome.

    Airway Resistance

    • Main site of resistance: Medium-sized bronchi.
    • Smaller airways: Increased cross-sectional area decreases resistance.

    Control of Breathing

    • Respiratory center: Medulla and pons.
    • Automatic components: Chemoreceptors and lung receptors.
    • Chemoreceptors: Monitor blood pH, O2, and CO2.
    • Lung receptors: Monitor lung function and breathing patterns (stretch, irritant, J receptors).
    • Voluntary breathing: Controlled by higher brain centers.

    Ventilation and Gas Exchange

    • Atmospheric pressure: 760 mm Hg at sea level; partial pressure of individual gases.
    • Diffusion factors: Surface area, membrane thickness, diffusion coefficient.
    • Conditions affecting diffusion: Lung diseases (decreased surface area) and edema (increased membrane thickness).

    Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood

    • Oxygen: Poorly soluble, mostly transported bound to hemoglobin.
    • Hemoglobin saturation: Affected by partial pressure of oxygen (PO2).
    • Carbon dioxide: More soluble than oxygen; transported as dissolved CO2, bound to hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate.
    • Arterial blood gas (ABG) measurements: determine partial pressures.

    Ventilation and Perfusion Matching

    • Matching: Essential for efficient gas exchange.
    • V/Q ratio: Represents ventilation and perfusion ratio.
    • V/Q mismatch: Regional differences in ventilation and perfusion.
    • Anatomic dead space: Conducting airways (no gas exchange).
    • Alveolar dead space: Ventilated but not perfused alveoli.
    • Physiologic shunt: Blood from right to left side without oxygenation (e.g., atelectasis).

    Lecture Summaries

    • Subsequent lectures cover pulmonary function tests, obstructive lung diseases, restrictive lung diseases, and pulmonary embolism.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge about the human respiratory system with this quiz! It covers key functions, structures, and mechanisms involved in breathing and gas exchange. Ideal for students studying human anatomy or related health fields.

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