Human Anatomy: Respiratory System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the diaphragm in relation to the thoracic cavity?

To protect the thorax from injury

To separate the thoracic cavity from the abdomen (correct)

To facilitate blood circulation

To support the weight of the ribs

Which ribs are classified as 'floating' ribs?

Ribs 11-12 (correct)

Ribs 1-7

Ribs 9-12

Ribs 8-10

What anatomical landmark is located just above the sternum and between the clavicles?

Suprasternal notch (correct)

Manubrium

Costal angle

Xiphoid process

At what level does the apex of lung tissue lie anteriorly?

At the clavicle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the position of the base of the lungs?

Resting on the diaphragm at about the 6th rib Signup and view all the answers

What structure marks the apex of the lungs posteriorly?

C7 vertebra Signup and view all the answers

What describes the relationship between the left and right lungs in terms of width and length?

Right lung is wider and shorter than the left Signup and view all the answers

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Two lobes Signup and view all the answers

What type of pleura lines the inside of the chest wall and diaphragm?

Parietal pleura Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a productive cough?

Dry throat Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by rust-colored sputum?

Tuberculosis or pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory pattern is characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing?

Cheyne-Stokes respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would most likely cause a chronic cough in the early morning?

Smokers' bronchial inflammation Signup and view all the answers

How would you describe sputum that is white or clear?

Cold or viral infection Signup and view all the answers

What symptom would most likely indicate a history of respiratory infections?

Sputum production Signup and view all the answers

What might a pink or frothy sputum indicate?

Pulmonary edema Signup and view all the answers

What should normally be felt during tactile fremitus assessment?

Vibration is the same in all areas Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a healthy lung during percussion of the posterior chest?

Resonance sound Signup and view all the answers

Where should normal bronchiovesicular breath sounds be auscultated?

Between the scapulae Signup and view all the answers

What is an indication of relaxed breathing during the inspection of the anterior chest?

Effortless and regular breathing Signup and view all the answers

During palpation of the anterior chest, which factor is NOT typically assessed?

Breath sounds Signup and view all the answers

What shape should the thorax appear in during inspection?

Elliptical (oval) shape Signup and view all the answers

What position should a client adopt for optimal breathing during examination?

Sitting upright with arms comfortably at the sides Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a potential problem during the assessment of chest expansion?

Lag in expansion on one side Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicates proper inspection of the posterior chest?

Spinous processes appear in a straight line Signup and view all the answers

What should be noted about the skin color during inspection?

Should reflect the person's genetic background Signup and view all the answers

Which equipment is not mentioned for conducting the examination?

Tuning fork Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a loss of tactile fremitus?

Presence of lung masses Signup and view all the answers

What does a relaxed posture with arms at the sides indicate?

Free respiratory effort Signup and view all the answers

What should be observed regarding the client's skin condition?

Should not have any cyanosis or pallor Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct method to assess symmetric expansion?

Placing warmed hands sideways on posterolateral chest wall Signup and view all the answers

What does cyanosis indicate in relation to respiratory health?

Hypoxia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of croup syndrome?

Barking cough Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is least likely to precipitate shortness of breath (SOB)?

Increased appetite Signup and view all the answers

What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?

Awakening from sleep with shortness of breath Signup and view all the answers

A history of which condition is often associated with an increased risk of respiratory issues?

Asthma Signup and view all the answers

What might indicate that a patient is experiencing chest pain related to a respiratory infection?

Deep breathing causing pain Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about smoking history is accurate?

How old the person was when they started smoking can impact lung health. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following respiratory conditions is characterized as congested (wet)?

Bronchitis Signup and view all the answers

What does shortness of breath (SOB) when supine typically suggest?

Orthopnea Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental factor could potentially affect breathing?

Workplace conditions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Health Assessment BSN 201 - Thorax and Lungs

Learning Objectives: Identify the structure and function of the thorax and lungs; identify pertinent respiratory history questions; obtain a respiratory history; perform a respiratory physical assessment; differentiate between normal and abnormal findings; document respiratory findings.

Thorax and Lung Structures

Thoracic Cage: A bony structure with a conical shape; defined by the sternum, 12 ribs and 12 thoracic vertebrae.
Diaphragm: The "floor" of the thoracic cavity; it separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen.
First Seven Ribs: Attach directly to the sternum via their costal cartilages.
Ribs 8, 9, and 10: Attach to the costal cartilage above.
Ribs 11 and 12: "Floating" ribs with free palpable tips.
Costochondral Junctions: Points where ribs join their cartilages.
Suprasternal Notch: A U-shaped depression above the sternum between the clavicles.
Sternum ("Breastbone"): Composed of three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
Sternum Angle ("Angle of Louis"): The articulation of the manubrium and body of the sternum; continuous with the 2nd rib.
Costal Angle: Right and left costal margin form an angle where they meet at the xiphoid process; usually 90 degrees or less.
Vertebral Prominence: A bony projection of the 7th cervical vertebra.
Spinous Processes: Processes of the vertebrae.
Inferior Border of the Scapula: The lower edge of the shoulder blade.
Twelfth Rib: The lowermost rib.

Reference Lines

Anterior: Midsternal line, midclavicular line, anterior axillary line
Posterior: Vertebral line, posterior axillary line
Lateral: Midaxillary line, scapular line

Lung Borders

Anterior Apex: Highest point of lung tissue, 3-4 cm above the inner third of the clavicles.
Anterior Base: Lower border, resting on the diaphragm at about the 6th rib in the midclavicular line.
Posterior Apex: Marked by the level of C7:
Posterior Base: Corresponds to the level of T10.
Deep Inspiration: Expands the lungs to the level of T12.
Lateral Border: Extends from the apex of the axilla down to the 7th or 8th rib.

Lobes of the Lungs

Right Lung: Shorter than the left lung; has three lobes.
Left Lung: Narrower than the right lung; has two lobes.
Horizontal Fissure: Separates the right upper and middle lobes.
Oblique Fissure: Separates the right upper and lower lobes and the left upper and lower lobes.

Pleurae

Serous Membranes: Surround the lungs and line the chest wall and diaphragm, crucial for lubrication of the lungs.
Visceral Pleura: Covers the outside of the lungs.
Parietal Pleura: Lines the inside of the chest wall and diaphragm.

Respiratory Patterns

Rate: Respiratory frequency.
Depth: Amount of air inhaled and exhaled in each respiration.
Hypoventilation: Insufficient respiration.
Hyperventilation: Excessive respiration.
Kussmaul Respirations: Deep and rapid respirations.
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration: Alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing.

Subjective Data

Cough: Characterized by Type (dry, productive); Timing (early morning, afternoon/evening, night); Characteristics of Sputum (color, amount, blood, odor).
Shortness of Breath (SOB): Ever had any SOB?; What brings it on?; How severe is it ; Is it affected by any position?; Occurs at any specific time? Is there any activity precipitate SOB?; Does the SOB episodes associated with any factors, like night sweat, cough, chest pain, wheezing sound?; Is it related to food, pollens, dust, animals, season, or emotions?
Chest Pain with Breathing: Any chest pain with breathing?; When did it start?; Describe the pain (burning, stabbing)?; Is it brought on by respiratory infection, coughing, or trauma?; Is it associated with fever, deep breathing, unequal chest inflation?; What have you done to treat it?
History of Respiratory Infections: Past history of breathing trouble or lung diseases (Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Atelectasis, Pleural Effusion, Asthma); Any unusual frequent or severe colds; Family history of TB, Asthma, Allergies
Smoking History: Type (cigarette, cigar)?; Age started?; Amount (packs per day)?; Quitting attempts?; Passive smoking?
Environmental Exposure: Any environmental conditions affecting breathing?; Workplace (factory, chemical plant, farm, heavy traffic)?; Wearing Masks/Ventilator System Checked?

Objective Data

Preparation : Ask client to sit upright; warm room; diaphragm endpiece; private room with no interruption; equipment: Stethoscope; alcohol swap.
Posterior Chest Inspection: Shape and configuration (spinous processes aligned, thorax symmetrical and elliptical, scapulae symmetric); Posture client takes to breathe; Skin color and condition (consistent with their genetic background, no cyanosis or pallor); Check for lesions.
Posterior Chest Palpation:
General (temperature, moisture and tenderness); Superficial lumps or masses.
Symmetric Expansion (placing hands along the posterolateral chest wall, level T9-T10, client inhales deeply).
Tactile Fremitus (using palmar (ball) of fingers.
Posterior Chest Percussion: Lung fields (start at the apices, compare side to side all the way down); determine predominant percussion note over the lung fields (normal, resonance; hyper, hyperresonance; dull, dullness).
Posterior Chest Auscultation: Lung areas (from apices at C7 to bases at T10), compare side-to-side; Listen to at least one full respiration at each location; Normal breath sounds.
Anterior Chest Inspection: Shape and configuration (Sloping ribs with symmetric interspaces; costal angle within 90 degrees); Facial expression (relaxed); Skin color and condition (free from cyanosis and pallor); Check for lesions.
Anterior Chest Palpation: General (temperature, moisture, and tenderness); Detect any superficial lumps or masses; ➤ Symmetric Expansion (placing hands over the anterolateral wall with thumbs along costal margin, client taking a deep breath); Watch your thumb move symmetrically and chest expansion with your fingers.
Anterior Chest Tactile Fremitus: (Palpate over the lung apices in the supraclavicular areas and compare vibrations. "Ninety-nine" or "blue moon")
Anterior Chest Percussion: Lung fields; begin percussing apices and then moving down the anterior chest; compare sides. Determine predominant percussion note over lung fields (normal, resonance; hyper, hyperresonance; dull, dullness.
Anterior Chest Auscultation: (Auscultate from apices at the supraclavicular area to the 6th rib, compare side-to-side). Normally, hear normal breath sounds.

Abnormal Findings

Thorax Configurations: Barrel chest, Scoliosis, Kyphosis, Pectus excavatum, Pectus carinatum.
Tactile Fremitus: Can be increased (conditions increasing lung density - pneumonia) or decreased (pleural effusion, pneumothorax, or emphysema)
Adventitious Lung Sounds: Crackles, Wheezes, Stridor

Sample Charting:

Provides examples of how subjective and objective data should be documented.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the respiratory system with this quiz that covers the diaphragm's function, lung structure, and various cough characteristics. Explore essential concepts related to human anatomy, particularly the thoracic cavity and pleura. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.