Respiratory System I

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Questions and Answers

Which ribs are classified as true vertebro-sternal ribs?

8th to 10th ribs

1st to 5th ribs

1st to 7th ribs (correct)

11th and 12th ribs

Which structure is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?

Alveoli (correct)

Trachea

Bronchi

Pleura

What is the primary role of the pleural cavities?

House the heart

Support the ribs

Provide a lubricant between lungs and chest wall (correct)

Facilitate gas exchange

Which of the following describes a characteristic of atypical ribs?

Possess a single facet and grooves for vessels Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

Inferior thoracic aperture Signup and view all the answers

Which intercostal nerves provide sensory innervation to the skin and muscles in the thoracic region?

T1 to T11 intercostal nerves Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the accessory respiratory muscles?

Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity during forceful breathing Signup and view all the answers

Which structure primarily serves as the site where the first rib articulates?

Manubrium Signup and view all the answers

Which joint is involved in the articulation of the head of the ribs?

Costovertebral joint Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is considered a true muscle of the thoracic wall?

Levatores costarum Signup and view all the answers

What is a common anatomical feature of the left lung compared to the right lung?

The left lung has a cardiac notch. Signup and view all the answers

Where does pleural exudate commonly accumulate when the body is erect?

Costodiaphragmatic recesses Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature indicates a pathological process related to the respiratory system?

Deviated trachea from midline Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vessels supplies the left lung with bronchial arteries?

Two left bronchial arteries from the aorta Signup and view all the answers

During gas exchange, which structures are primarily involved?

Alveoli and alveolar ducts Signup and view all the answers

How are the pulmonary arteries organized as they supply the lungs?

Pulmonary arteries branch into lobar and segmental arteries. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the thoracic cavity houses the heart and its related structures?

Mediastinum Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical length of the trachea in adults?

2 to 5 cm Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the costal cartilages associated with the 8th to 10th ribs?

Articulate with the superior rib's costal cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the components of the superior thoracic outlet?

Anteriorly: Superior border of manubrium Signup and view all the answers

Which joint is involved in the articulation between the ribs and the vertebrae?

Costovertebral joint Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are categorized as accessory respiratory muscles?

Pectoralis major m., Pectoralis minor m. Signup and view all the answers

How many intercostal spaces exist in the thoracic cavity?

11 Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the structure forming the thoracic cavity?

Truncated cone shape Signup and view all the answers

Which ribs are classified as floating ribs?

11th and 12th ribs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the characteristics of typical ribs?

Head with two facets and a costal groove Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the 1st rib from typical ribs?

Has a single facet and grooves for subclavian vessels Signup and view all the answers

How are the ribs categorized based on their attachment to the sternum?

True, false, and floating ribs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary direction of the fibers of the external intercostals?

Running forward and downward Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about typical intercostal nerves is correct?

They are confined to their own intercostal spaces. Signup and view all the answers

What condition does herpes zoster primarily affect after reactivation of the varicella–zoster virus?

Sensory nerves in the dermatome Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blocks are used to produce local anesthesia of an intercostal space?

Intercostal nerve blocks Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary complication in patients who develop weakness from motor involvement due to herpes zoster?

Difficulty in limb movement Signup and view all the answers

What type of branches do the typical intercostal nerves have in addition to their sensory function?

Muscular branches Signup and view all the answers

How do adjacent dermatomes provide sensory innervation to the skin?

Through considerable overlapping of contiguous dermatomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes atypical intercostal nerves?

They can supply areas outside their designated intercostal spaces. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical number of lobes in the right lung?

Three lobes Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is located at the anterior border of the left lung?

Cardiac notch Signup and view all the answers

How does the arrangement of pleural reflections differ between the lungs?

Right lung parallels the ribs more closely Signup and view all the answers

Where do the right and left pulmonary arteries originate from?

Pulmonary trunk Signup and view all the answers

What role do the respiratory bronchioli play in the respiratory system?

Gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the accumulation of pleural exudate in the lung structure?

Costodiaphragmatic recess Signup and view all the answers

What feature of the trachea indicates a structural adaptation?

Fibrocartilaginous tube Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vessels specifically provides blood supply to the left lung?

Two left bronchial arteries Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Thoracic Cavity: Understanding the Anatomy

Thoracic Cavity: Space between the neck and abdomen.
Shape: Truncated cone.
Boundaries: Superior thoracic aperture, inferior thoracic aperture
Contents:
- Two pleural cavities, housing the lungs.
- Central mediastinum, containing vital organs including the heart, great vessels, trachea, and esophagus.
- Right and left pulmonary cavities, housing the lungs and the pleurae.
- Mediastinum, containing the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Pleural Cavities: Contain the lungs and the pleurae, which are lining membranes.
Mediastinum: Divided into superior, inferior, anterior, middle, and posterior compartments.
Costo-diaphragmatic recess: Area between the lungs and the diaphragm where pleural exudate accumulates.
Horizontal fissure: A landmark on the right lung, separating the superior and middle lobes.

Bony Thoracic Cage

Components: Sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, 12 thoracic vertebrae.
Ribs:
- True Vertebro - sternal ribs (1st-7th): Connect directly to the sternum.
- False (Vertebro - chondral) ribs (8th, 9th, and usually 10th): Connect indirectly to the sternum through cartilage.
- Floating (vertebral, free) ribs (11th, 12th, and sometimes 10th): Not connected to the sternum.
Typical Ribs (3rd – 9th): Consist of head, neck, tubercle, and body.
Atypical Ribs:
- 1st Rib: Single facet, two grooves for subclavian vessels.
- 2nd Rib: Two facets, tuberosity of serratus anterior muscle.
- 10th-12th Ribs: One facet, 11th -12th have no neck or tubercle.
Costal Cartilages: Connect ribs to the sternum and each other.
- 1st -7th costal cartilages connect directly to the sternum.
- 8th –10th costal cartilages connect to the cartilage of the superior rib.
- 11th and 12th costal cartilages are free ends of the ribs.
Intercostal Spaces: 11 spaces between the ribs, each containing an intercostal nerve and vessels.
Subcostal Space: Located below 12th rib.
Subcostal Nerve: Located in the subcostal space.
Articulations:
- Demifacets on vertebrae bodies for rib head articulation (T10, T11, T12 have only one facet).
- Costal facets on the transverse processes.
- Spinous processes

The Sternum:

Components: Manubrium, body, xiphoid process.

Thoracic Apertures:

Superior Thoracic Aperture (Thoracic Inlet):
- Posterior boundary: T1 vertebra.
- Lateral boundaries: 1st pair of ribs and their costal cartilages.
- Anterior boundary: superior border of the manubrium.
Inferior Thoracic Aperture (Thoracic Outlet):
- Posterior boundary: 12th thoracic vertebra.
- Posterolateral boundaries: 11th and 12th pairs of ribs.
- Anterolateral boundaries: Joined cartilages of ribs 7-10 forming the costal margins.
- Anterior boundary: Xiphosternal joint.

Thoracic Joints:

Key Joints: Intervertebral, Sternoclavicular, Costovertebral, Joints of the head of ribs, Costotransverse, Costochondral, Interchondral, Sternocostal, Manubriosternal, Xiphisternal.

Muscles of the Thoracic Wall:

True Muscles of the Thoracic Wall: Serratus posterior superior, Serratus posterior inferior, Levatores costarum, Intercostal, Subcostal, Transversus thoracis.
Accessory Respiratory Muscles: Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, Serratus anterior.
Trachea: Fibrocartilagenous tube, with incomplete tracheal cartilages.
Right and Left Bronchi: Branch off the trachea at the level of the sternal angle (T4-5 intervertebral disc), about 2.5 cm in adults.
** Deviation of Trachea:** A significant indicator of a pathological process.

Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveoli, and Gas Exchange:

Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, and Alveoli: Structures involved in gas exchange.
Pulmonary Arteries: Originate from the pulmonary trunk at the level of the sternal angle.
- Lobar arteries branch off into R&L Superior Lobar Arteries, L Inferior Lobar Artery, and R Middle and Inferior Lobar Arteries before entering the hilum.
- Tertiary segmental arteries further branch from lobar arteries.
Pulmonary Veins: Superior and Inferior Pulmonary Veins present in both lungs.
- Middle lobe vein present only in the right lung.

Blood Supply:

Bronchial Arteries: Supply oxygenated blood to the bronchi, bronchial tissues, and surrounding structures.
- Two left bronchial arteries (from aorta).
- One right bronchial artery (originating from aorta, upper posterior intercostal artery, or a common trunk with the left superior bronchial artery).
Bronchial Veins: Drain the bronchi and surrounding tissues back to the heart.

Landmarks:

Jugular Notch: Located at the top of the sternum.
Sternal Angle (of Louis): The angle between the manubrium and the body of the sternum, also known as the angle of Louis.
Nipple: Located on the chest wall.
Xiphoid Process: The lower part of the sternum.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the thoracic cavity's anatomy, including its structure, boundaries, and the organs it contains. This quiz covers key concepts such as pleural cavities, mediastinum, and the bony thoracic cage. Perfect for students studying human anatomy or medical professionals looking to refresh their knowledge.