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Questions and Answers
Which ribs are classified as true vertebro-sternal ribs?
Which ribs are classified as true vertebro-sternal ribs?
- 8th to 10th ribs
- 1st to 5th ribs
- 1st to 7th ribs (correct)
- 11th and 12th ribs
Which structure is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?
Which structure is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?
- Alveoli (correct)
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Pleura
What is the primary role of the pleural cavities?
What is the primary role of the pleural cavities?
- House the heart
- Support the ribs
- Provide a lubricant between lungs and chest wall (correct)
- Facilitate gas exchange
Which of the following describes a characteristic of atypical ribs?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of atypical ribs?
What anatomical feature separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
What anatomical feature separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
Which intercostal nerves provide sensory innervation to the skin and muscles in the thoracic region?
Which intercostal nerves provide sensory innervation to the skin and muscles in the thoracic region?
What is the primary function of the accessory respiratory muscles?
What is the primary function of the accessory respiratory muscles?
Which structure primarily serves as the site where the first rib articulates?
Which structure primarily serves as the site where the first rib articulates?
Which joint is involved in the articulation of the head of the ribs?
Which joint is involved in the articulation of the head of the ribs?
Which of the following muscles is considered a true muscle of the thoracic wall?
Which of the following muscles is considered a true muscle of the thoracic wall?
What is a common anatomical feature of the left lung compared to the right lung?
What is a common anatomical feature of the left lung compared to the right lung?
Where does pleural exudate commonly accumulate when the body is erect?
Where does pleural exudate commonly accumulate when the body is erect?
What anatomical feature indicates a pathological process related to the respiratory system?
What anatomical feature indicates a pathological process related to the respiratory system?
Which of the following vessels supplies the left lung with bronchial arteries?
Which of the following vessels supplies the left lung with bronchial arteries?
During gas exchange, which structures are primarily involved?
During gas exchange, which structures are primarily involved?
How are the pulmonary arteries organized as they supply the lungs?
How are the pulmonary arteries organized as they supply the lungs?
Which part of the thoracic cavity houses the heart and its related structures?
Which part of the thoracic cavity houses the heart and its related structures?
What is the typical length of the trachea in adults?
What is the typical length of the trachea in adults?
What is the role of the costal cartilages associated with the 8th to 10th ribs?
What is the role of the costal cartilages associated with the 8th to 10th ribs?
Which of the following describes the components of the superior thoracic outlet?
Which of the following describes the components of the superior thoracic outlet?
Which joint is involved in the articulation between the ribs and the vertebrae?
Which joint is involved in the articulation between the ribs and the vertebrae?
Which muscles are categorized as accessory respiratory muscles?
Which muscles are categorized as accessory respiratory muscles?
How many intercostal spaces exist in the thoracic cavity?
How many intercostal spaces exist in the thoracic cavity?
What is the shape of the structure forming the thoracic cavity?
What is the shape of the structure forming the thoracic cavity?
Which ribs are classified as floating ribs?
Which ribs are classified as floating ribs?
Which of the following accurately describes the characteristics of typical ribs?
Which of the following accurately describes the characteristics of typical ribs?
What distinguishes the 1st rib from typical ribs?
What distinguishes the 1st rib from typical ribs?
How are the ribs categorized based on their attachment to the sternum?
How are the ribs categorized based on their attachment to the sternum?
What is the primary direction of the fibers of the external intercostals?
What is the primary direction of the fibers of the external intercostals?
Which of the following statements about typical intercostal nerves is correct?
Which of the following statements about typical intercostal nerves is correct?
What condition does herpes zoster primarily affect after reactivation of the varicella–zoster virus?
What condition does herpes zoster primarily affect after reactivation of the varicella–zoster virus?
Which type of blocks are used to produce local anesthesia of an intercostal space?
Which type of blocks are used to produce local anesthesia of an intercostal space?
What is a primary complication in patients who develop weakness from motor involvement due to herpes zoster?
What is a primary complication in patients who develop weakness from motor involvement due to herpes zoster?
What type of branches do the typical intercostal nerves have in addition to their sensory function?
What type of branches do the typical intercostal nerves have in addition to their sensory function?
How do adjacent dermatomes provide sensory innervation to the skin?
How do adjacent dermatomes provide sensory innervation to the skin?
Which of the following best describes atypical intercostal nerves?
Which of the following best describes atypical intercostal nerves?
What is the typical number of lobes in the right lung?
What is the typical number of lobes in the right lung?
Which structure is located at the anterior border of the left lung?
Which structure is located at the anterior border of the left lung?
How does the arrangement of pleural reflections differ between the lungs?
How does the arrangement of pleural reflections differ between the lungs?
Where do the right and left pulmonary arteries originate from?
Where do the right and left pulmonary arteries originate from?
What role do the respiratory bronchioli play in the respiratory system?
What role do the respiratory bronchioli play in the respiratory system?
Which term describes the accumulation of pleural exudate in the lung structure?
Which term describes the accumulation of pleural exudate in the lung structure?
What feature of the trachea indicates a structural adaptation?
What feature of the trachea indicates a structural adaptation?
Which of the following vessels specifically provides blood supply to the left lung?
Which of the following vessels specifically provides blood supply to the left lung?
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Study Notes
Thoracic Cavity: Understanding the Anatomy
- Thoracic Cavity: Space between the neck and abdomen.
- Shape: Truncated cone.
- Boundaries: Superior thoracic aperture, inferior thoracic aperture
- Contents:
- Two pleural cavities, housing the lungs.
- Central mediastinum, containing vital organs including the heart, great vessels, trachea, and esophagus.
- Right and left pulmonary cavities, housing the lungs and the pleurae.
- Mediastinum, containing the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, and lymph nodes.
- Pleural Cavities: Contain the lungs and the pleurae, which are lining membranes.
- Mediastinum: Divided into superior, inferior, anterior, middle, and posterior compartments.
- Costo-diaphragmatic recess: Area between the lungs and the diaphragm where pleural exudate accumulates.
- Horizontal fissure: A landmark on the right lung, separating the superior and middle lobes.
Bony Thoracic Cage
- Components: Sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, 12 thoracic vertebrae.
- Ribs:
- True Vertebro - sternal ribs (1st-7th): Connect directly to the sternum.
- False (Vertebro - chondral) ribs (8th, 9th, and usually 10th): Connect indirectly to the sternum through cartilage.
- Floating (vertebral, free) ribs (11th, 12th, and sometimes 10th): Not connected to the sternum.
- Typical Ribs (3rd – 9th): Consist of head, neck, tubercle, and body.
- Atypical Ribs:
- 1st Rib: Single facet, two grooves for subclavian vessels.
- 2nd Rib: Two facets, tuberosity of serratus anterior muscle.
- 10th-12th Ribs: One facet, 11th -12th have no neck or tubercle.
- Costal Cartilages: Connect ribs to the sternum and each other.
- 1st -7th costal cartilages connect directly to the sternum.
- 8th –10th costal cartilages connect to the cartilage of the superior rib.
- 11th and 12th costal cartilages are free ends of the ribs.
- Intercostal Spaces: 11 spaces between the ribs, each containing an intercostal nerve and vessels.
- Subcostal Space: Located below 12th rib.
- Subcostal Nerve: Located in the subcostal space.
- Articulations:
- Demifacets on vertebrae bodies for rib head articulation (T10, T11, T12 have only one facet).
- Costal facets on the transverse processes.
- Spinous processes
The Sternum:
- Components: Manubrium, body, xiphoid process.
Thoracic Apertures:
- Superior Thoracic Aperture (Thoracic Inlet):
- Posterior boundary: T1 vertebra.
- Lateral boundaries: 1st pair of ribs and their costal cartilages.
- Anterior boundary: superior border of the manubrium.
- Inferior Thoracic Aperture (Thoracic Outlet):
- Posterior boundary: 12th thoracic vertebra.
- Posterolateral boundaries: 11th and 12th pairs of ribs.
- Anterolateral boundaries: Joined cartilages of ribs 7-10 forming the costal margins.
- Anterior boundary: Xiphosternal joint.
Thoracic Joints:
- Key Joints: Intervertebral, Sternoclavicular, Costovertebral, Joints of the head of ribs, Costotransverse, Costochondral, Interchondral, Sternocostal, Manubriosternal, Xiphisternal.
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall:
- True Muscles of the Thoracic Wall: Serratus posterior superior, Serratus posterior inferior, Levatores costarum, Intercostal, Subcostal, Transversus thoracis.
- Accessory Respiratory Muscles: Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, Serratus anterior.
- Trachea: Fibrocartilagenous tube, with incomplete tracheal cartilages.
- Right and Left Bronchi: Branch off the trachea at the level of the sternal angle (T4-5 intervertebral disc), about 2.5 cm in adults.
- ** Deviation of Trachea:** A significant indicator of a pathological process.
Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveoli, and Gas Exchange:
- Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, and Alveoli: Structures involved in gas exchange.
- Pulmonary Arteries: Originate from the pulmonary trunk at the level of the sternal angle.
- Lobar arteries branch off into R&L Superior Lobar Arteries, L Inferior Lobar Artery, and R Middle and Inferior Lobar Arteries before entering the hilum.
- Tertiary segmental arteries further branch from lobar arteries.
- Pulmonary Veins: Superior and Inferior Pulmonary Veins present in both lungs.
- Middle lobe vein present only in the right lung.
Blood Supply:
- Bronchial Arteries: Supply oxygenated blood to the bronchi, bronchial tissues, and surrounding structures.
- Two left bronchial arteries (from aorta).
- One right bronchial artery (originating from aorta, upper posterior intercostal artery, or a common trunk with the left superior bronchial artery).
- Bronchial Veins: Drain the bronchi and surrounding tissues back to the heart.
Landmarks:
- Jugular Notch: Located at the top of the sternum.
- Sternal Angle (of Louis): The angle between the manubrium and the body of the sternum, also known as the angle of Louis.
- Nipple: Located on the chest wall.
- Xiphoid Process: The lower part of the sternum.
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