Human Anatomy Unit 2 Recap

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Questions and Answers

What structure is NOT found within the anterior triangle of the neck?

Internal jugular vein

Thyroid gland

Carotid arteries

Accessory nerve (CN XI) (correct)

Which muscle is responsible for unilateral neck rotation to the opposite side?

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) (correct)

Levator scapulae

Trapezius

Scalenes

Which border is NOT associated with the posterior triangle of the neck?

Posterior border of SCM

Anterior border of trapezius

Medial border of SCM (correct)

Middle third of the clavicle

What is the main innervation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Accessory nerve (CN XI) and cervical nerves C2, C3 Signup and view all the answers

Which cervical structure is primarily responsible for elevating the first and second ribs during forced inspiration?

Scalene muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms a border of the anterior triangle in the neck?

Inferior border of the mandible Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a key feature of the cervical plexus?

It gives rise to the ansa cervicalis. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is found in the posterior triangle of the neck?

External jugular vein Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for the elevation and retraction of the mandible?

Temporalis Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does not contribute to the lateral movement of the mandible?

Temporalis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles does NOT originate from the sphenoid bone?

Masseter Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the lateral pterygoid muscle?

Depression of the mandible Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for the innervation of all muscles of mastication?

Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (V3) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as the primary attachment point for the diaphragm on the sternum?

Xiphoid Process Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the external oblique muscle?

Compression of abdominal contents Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a bony landmark on the ribs?

Acromion Signup and view all the answers

Which nerves are responsible for the innervation of the external oblique muscle?

Thoracoabdominal nerves Signup and view all the answers

What structure is housed in the costal groove of the ribs?

Intercostal vein, artery, and nerve complex Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical significance of the sternal angle?

It is the junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum. Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible primarily for aiding trunk rotation?

External oblique Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT part of the rectus sheath above the arcuate line?

Rectus abdominis muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which parts are included in the inguinal canal?

Spermatic cord and ilioinguinal nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle originates from the spinous process of C2 and attaches to the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone?

Rectus Capitis Posterior Major Signup and view all the answers

Which innervation is associated with the Serratus Posterior Superior muscle?

Intercostal nerves T1-T4 Signup and view all the answers

What area of the IV discs is affected during spinal extension?

Posterior compression and anterior tension Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments become slack during spinal flexion?

Posterior longitudinal ligament and interspinous ligaments Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle group primarily serves to extend and laterally flex the spine?

Erector Spinae group Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the intertransverse ligaments during spinal side bending?

They become taut on the opposite side of the bend Signup and view all the answers

Which group of muscles originates from the iliac crest and sacrum?

Erector Spinae group Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the anterior longitudinal ligament during spinal movements is correct?

It becomes taut during spinal extension Signup and view all the answers

Which structure experiences compression during spinal rotation?

IV discs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the posterior longitudinal ligament during spinal extension?

Becomes taut Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for depressing the mandible and tensing the skin of the neck?

Platysma Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the infrahyoid muscles during swallowing?

Depress the hyoid bone and larynx Signup and view all the answers

Which cervical nerves contribute to the formation of the ansa cervicalis?

C1 and C2-C3 Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is primarily responsible for supplying the thyroid gland?

Superior Thyroid Artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of motor innervation for the diaphragm?

Phrenic nerve (C3-C5) Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve branch provides sensory innervation to the skin of the neck, ear, and shoulder area?

Lesser occipital nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is innervated by fibers from C1 via the hypoglossal nerve?

Thyrohyoid Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure does the cervical plexus lie deep to?

Sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arteries supplies the posterior scalp?

Posterior Auricular Artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of the infrahyoid muscles during speech?

Depress the hyoid bone and larynx Signup and view all the answers

Which fascial layer in the neck surrounds the thyroid gland and trachea?

Pretracheal Fascia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinguishing feature of the investing fascia in the neck?

It splits to enclose the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. Signup and view all the answers

Which structures would be considered superficial in the neck?

Platysma muscle and cutaneous nerves Signup and view all the answers

What defines the medial border of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Midline of the neck Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of fascia primarily separates the vertebral column from the viscera of the neck?

Prevertebral Fascia Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structures are primarily contained within the posterior triangle of the neck?

Cervical plexus and accessory nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which combination correctly identifies structures located in the anterior triangle of the neck?

Thyroid gland, carotid arteries, and larynx Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the position of the scalene muscles in relation to the neck's anatomical compartments?

They are located in the deep cervical compartment. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the nucleus pulposus in an intervertebral disc?

Acts as a cushion between vertebrae to absorb compressive forces Signup and view all the answers

How do the intervertebral discs change in shape from the cervical to the lumbar region?

They are largest and thickest in the lumbar region Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the annulus fibrosus during spinal flexion?

It bulges posteriorly as compressive forces increase Signup and view all the answers

Which pathology is characterized by a forward displacement of a vertebra relative to the one beneath it?

Spondylolisthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of end plates in the intervertebral discs?

To connect the disc to adjacent vertebral bodies Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle primarily aids in the depression and protrusion of the mandible?

Lateral Pterygoid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the masseter muscle?

Elevation of the mandible Signup and view all the answers

Which bone does the medial pterygoid muscle originate from?

Lateral pterygoid plate Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is involved in retracting the mandible?

Temporalis Signup and view all the answers

In addition to elevating the mandible, what is another action of the temporalis muscle?

Retraction of the mandible Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as the primary point of insertion for the lateral pterygoid muscle?

Condylar process of the mandible Signup and view all the answers

The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (V3) innervates which of the following muscles?

All muscles of mastication Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature is associated with the attachment of the temporalis muscle?

Temporal fossa Signup and view all the answers

Which movements collectively involve the muscles of mastication?

Elevation, depression, protrusion, and retraction Signup and view all the answers

What structure supports the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) during movement?

Articular disc Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are primarily responsible for the elevation of the mandible?

Temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid muscles Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

Synovial, hinge-type joint Signup and view all the answers

During mandibular depression, what movement follows the initial rotation of the condyle?

Translation where the condyle and disc slide anteriorly Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is primarily responsible for limiting posterior and lateral displacement of the mandible?

Lateral ligament (temporomandibular ligament) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the articular surfaces of the TMJ?

The mandibular condyle and mandibular fossa Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for the retraction of the mandible?

Temporalis muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the TMJ into upper and lower compartments?

Articular disc Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT involved in the depression of the mandible?

Masseter Signup and view all the answers

Which bone provides attachment for the zygomatic arch relevant to masticatory muscles?

Zygomatic bone Signup and view all the answers

What type of motion occurs during the initial phase of elevation of the mandible?

Rotation followed by translation Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for providing motor innervation to the muscles of mastication?

Mandibular Nerve (V3) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a lesion in the mandibular nerve (V3)?

Loss of sensation in the lower face and weakness in chewing Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway do the maxillary nerve branches take after exiting the skull?

Through the foramen rotundum Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the tongue receives general sensation from the lingual nerve?

Anterior two-thirds Signup and view all the answers

What kind of sensation loss could occur if there is a lesion in the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve?

Anesthesia in the areas innervated by that branch Signup and view all the answers

What cranial nerve provides general sensation to the posterior one-third of the tongue?

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) Signup and view all the answers

A lesion affecting V1 would most likely lead to loss of sensation in which area?

Forehead, scalp, and cornea Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the pathway of the ophthalmic nerve (V1)?

It exits through the superior orbital fissure Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of a lesion in the maxillary nerve (V2)?

Loss of sensation in the midface and upper lip Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the sensory innervation of the maxillary teeth?

Innervated by the maxillary nerve (V2) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anterior Triangle Borders

Anterior Border: Sternocleidomastoid Muscle (SCM)
Inferior Border: Mandible
Posterior Border: Midline of the Neck

Posterior Triangle Borders

Anterior Border: Sternocleidomastoid Muscle (SCM)
Posterior Border: Trapezius Muscle
Inferior Border: Middle third of the Clavicle

Anterior Triangle Contents

Contains smaller triangles
Structures include the carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, thyroid gland, and lymph nodes

Posterior Triangle Contents

Contains the accessory nerve (CN XI), branches of the cervical plexus, external jugular vein, and muscles such as the scalenes and levator scapulae.

Intervertebral Disc Components and Function

Nucleus Pulposus: The gel-like core of the disc, consisting of water and collagen fibers. It provides shock absorption and flexibility.
Annulus Fibrosus: The outer ring of the disc, composed of concentric layers of fibrocartilage. It provides tensile strength and contains the nucleus pulposus.
End Plates: Thin cartilaginous layers connecting the disc to adjacent vertebral bodies, facilitating nutrient exchange and maintaining disc integrity.
Functions:
- Shock Absorption: Cushions vertebrae during movement, absorbing compressive forces.
- Load Distribution: Evenly distributes loads across vertebral bodies, preventing localized stress.
- Movement: Allows for flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation between vertebrae.

Intervertebral Disc Shape Variation

Cervical Region: Discs are smaller and more uniform in height, with greater flexibility, allowing for wider range of motion in flexion and rotation.
Thoracic Region: Discs are thicker posteriorly, contributing to thoracic cage stability and limiting movement due to rib articulation.
Lumbar Region: Discs are largest and thicker, especially anteriorly, supporting the weight-bearing demands of the lower back.

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Description

This quiz explores the anatomical structures and borders of the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck. Participants will learn about the key muscles, nerves, and vascular contents located within these important anatomical regions.