Skeletal System Functions and Classification
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Questions and Answers

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Support, protection, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

  • Blood cell production
  • Movement
  • Protection
  • Support
  • Digestion (correct)

    • The skeletal system provides shape and structure to the body.

    True (A)

    The skeletal system plays a role in protecting vital organs like the heart and lungs.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone is long and cylindrical, like the femur?

    <p>Long bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are short bones typically found?

    <p>Wrists and ankles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone is thin and curved, like the ribs?

    <p>Flat bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of bone tissue?

    <p>Compact bone and spongy bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compact bone is found on the outer layer of bones.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spongy bone is dense and solid, forming the outer layer.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is bone marrow found?

    <p>Spongy bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone tissue is responsible for providing strength and protection?

    <p>Compact bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main parts of a long bone?

    <p>Diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis, epiphyseal plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

    <p>The long shaft in the middle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the epiphyseal plate, and where is it found?

    <p>The growth plate in children between the epiphysis and metaphysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone growth?

    <p>Osteoblasts build new bone, while osteoclasts break down old bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoblasts are responsible for breaking down old bone.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoclasts create a more compact bone on the outer periosteum surface.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoclasts expand the marrow cavity on the inner endosteum surface.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton?

    <p>Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?

    <p>Skull (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is part of the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>Humerus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the bones of the skull.

    <p>Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the landmarks on the skull.

    <p>Orbit, zygomatic, mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bone that is located in the neck?

    <p>Hyoid bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the divisions of the vertebral column?

    <p>Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the landmarks on the vertebral column?

    <p>Vertebral body, spinous process, transverse process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the bones that make up the rib cage.

    <p>Sternum, ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the parts of the sternum?

    <p>Manubrium, body, xiphoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of ribs are there?

    <p>12 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the bones of the pectoral girdle.

    <p>Clavicle, scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the landmarks on the scapula?

    <p>Acromion, spine, glenoid cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the bones of the upper limb.

    <p>Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the landmarks on the humerus?

    <p>Head, greater/lesser tubercles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the bones of the pelvic girdle.

    <p>Ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is immovable?

    <p>Fibrous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is freely movable?

    <p>Synovial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement is associated with a hinge joint?

    <p>Bending and straightening (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement is associated with a ball-and-socket joint?

    <p>Rotation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of muscle tissue?

    <p>Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a landmark found on the scapula?

    <p>Glenoid cavity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint type is characterized by a wide range of motion, including rotation?

    <p>Ball-and-socket (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle tissue?

    <p>Visceral and involuntary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these movements is primarily associated with a gliding joint?

    <p>Sliding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these best describes the function of the skeletal system related to blood cell production?

    <p>The skeletal system produces both red and white blood cells in the bone marrow. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a bone is described as roughly cube-shaped, which classification would it fall under?

    <p>Short bone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the spongy bone tissue within a bone?

    <p>To house bone marrow for blood cell production and mineral storage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a long bone is the primary growth center during childhood contributing to length?

    <p>Epiphyseal plate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do osteoblasts contribute to the reshaping and growth of bones?

    <p>They build new bone tissue on the outer periosteum. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is most directly facilitated by osteoclasts?

    <p>The breakdown of bone at the inner endosteum to expand the marrow cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a long bone is fractured at its rounded end, which anatomical part has been affected?

    <p>The epiphysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

    <p>Coronal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily responsible for increasing the width of a bone?

    <p>Activity of osteoblasts on the outer periosteum surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart and lungs are located within which body cavity?

    <p>Thoracic cavity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the location of the hypogastric region?

    <p>Below the umbilical region (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sequences correctly lists the levels of organization in the human body from smallest to largest?

    <p>Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you were to slice a loaf of bread horizontally, which body plane does this analogy best represent?

    <p>Transverse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ system is responsible for the production and secretion of hormones?

    <p>Endocrine system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

    <p>Protecting the body and regulating temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily defines an element?

    <p>It is a pure substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes anything that occupies space and has mass?

    <p>Matter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maintaining a stable internal environment in the body despite changes in the external environment is known as:

    <p>Homeostasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In anatomical terms, ‘superior’ refers to a position that is:

    <p>Above another body part (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which quadrant is the liver primarily located?

    <p>Right Upper Quadrant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The urinary bladder is found inside which cavity?

    <p>Pelvic cavity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following directional terms describes a structure that is closer to the surface of the body?

    <p>Superficial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If your elbow is proximal to your wrist, then your wrist is _________ to your elbow?

    <p>Distal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'lateral' mean in anatomical terminology?

    <p>Away from the midline of the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A solution with a pH of 3 is considered what?

    <p>Acidic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary role of ATP in cells?

    <p>To transfer energy for cellular processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to the release of energy from an ATP molecule?

    <p>Hydrolysis of phosphate bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a mixture?

    <p>Two or more substances physically combined (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a suspension differ from a solution?

    <p>In a suspension, the particles are large and settle, while in a solution, they are dissolved. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a colloidal suspension?

    <p>Milk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a solid that forms from a liquid during a chemical reaction?

    <p>Precipitate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a form of energy?

    <p>Gravitational (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which four elements constitute approximately 96% of the human body's weight?

    <p>Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the fundamental components of an atom?

    <p>Protons, neutrons, and electrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of valence electrons in the formation of chemical bonds?

    <p>They are transferred or shared between atoms to form bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a hydrogen bond differ from ionic and covalent bonds?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds are an intermolecular attraction and not a transfer or sharing of electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is unique to 'electrolytes' in the context of ions?

    <p>They form ions when dissolved in water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately differentiates between a molecule and a compound?

    <p>Molecules are made of chemically bonded atoms; compounds involve chemically bonded different elements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do catalysts and enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions?

    <p>By lowering the required activation energy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured by pH?

    <p>The acidity or basicity of a solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Skeletal System Functions

    • Bones provide structural support and shape to the body
    • Bones protect vital organs like the brain, heart, and lungs
    • Bones and skeletal muscles enable body movement
    • Red and white blood cells are produced in bone marrow
    • Bones store important minerals like calcium and phosphorus

    Bone Classification

    • Long bones have a long cylindrical shaft (e.g., femur, humerus)
    • Short bones are roughly cube-shaped (e.g., in wrists and ankles)
    • Flat bones are thin and curved (e.g., ribs, skull, shoulder blades)
    • Irregular bones have complex shapes that don't fit other categories (e.g., vertebrae)

    Compact and Spongy Bone

    • Compact bone forms the outer layer, it's dense and solid
    • Spongy bone is porous, honeycomb-structured, and contains bone marrow
    • Compact bone provides strength and protection, while spongy bone contains bone marrow for blood cell production and mineral storage

    Long Bone Structure

    • Diaphysis is the long shaft in the middle
    • Epiphysis are the rounded ends
    • Metaphysis connects the shaft to the ends
    • Epiphyseal plate is the growth plate in children

    Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

    • Osteoblasts build new bone
    • Osteoclasts break down old bone
    • Osteoblasts on outer periosteum create a compact bone
    • Osteoclasts on the inner endosteum surface expand the marrow cavity

    Axial Skeleton Bones

    • Skull (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid)
    • Orbit, zygomatic, mandible
    • Hyoid bone
    • Vertebral Column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx)

    Appendicular Skeleton Bones

    • Pectoral Girdles (clavicle, scapula)
    • Acromion, spine, glenoid cavity
    • Upper Limbs (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)
    • Pelvic Girdle (ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx)
    • Lower Limbs (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)

    Joint Types and Movements

    • Fibrous (immovable, rigid)
    • Cartilaginous (semi-movable/rigid)
    • Synovial (freely movable)
    • Hinge (knee/elbow - bend/straighten)
    • Ball-and-socket (hip/shoulder - rotate)
    • Pivot (neck - turn)
    • Gliding (wrist/ankle - slide)

    Muscle Tissue Types

    • Skeletal (striated, voluntary) - attached to bones for voluntary movement
    • Cardiac (striated, involuntary) - found in the heart walls, controls heartbeat
    • Smooth (visceral, involuntary) - found in internal organs (stomach, blood vessels)

    Muscle Structure

    • Whole Muscle: Epimysium (outer covering), Fasciculi (bundles of muscle fibers), Perimysium (covering fasciculi)
    • Single Muscle Fiber: Endomysium (innermost covering), Myofibrils (contractile units), Sarcomeres (actin and myosin filaments)

    Muscle Contraction—Sliding Filament Mechanism

    • Calcium (Ca2+) enters the muscle fiber and binds to troponin, changing the actin shape, exposing myosin binding sites on actin
    • Myosin heads bind to exposed actin sites, then pull the actin filaments inward
    • This sliding action shortens the muscle fiber, creating contraction
    • Calcium is pumped back out to relax the muscle

    Muscle Contraction—Energy Sources

    • ATP is the immediate energy source
    • Phosphocreatine is for quick ATP replenishment
    • Glucose breakdown supple ATP with low oxygen

    Muscle Contraction—Nerve Stimulation

    • Nerve signal triggers calcium release
    • Calcium allows myosin to bind actin
    • Myosin pulls actin filaments inward, shortening muscle fibers
    • Shortened overlapping fibers cause overall muscle contraction

    Muscle Terms

    • Origin - Attachment point on stationary bone
    • Insertion - Attachment on movable bone
    • Belly - Fleshy, contracting part

    Muscle Naming

    • Based on location, shape, size, number of origins, action, or attachments
    • Examples: Biceps (two origins), Rectus (straight) Deltoid (delta shape)

    Major Muscle Actions

    • Deltoid - Arm abduction/flexion
    • Biceps - Elbow flexion
    • Triceps - Elbow extension
    • Quadriceps - Knee extension
    • Hamstrings - Knee flexion
    • Gastrocnemius - Plantar flexion (pointing toes)
    • Abdominals - Trunk flexion
    • Erector spinae - Trunk extension

    Introduction to the Human Body

    • Anatomy: The study of body structure and shape.
    • Physiology: The study of how the body functions.

    Homeostasis

    • Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment, despite external changes
    • Regulating temperature, pH, fluid balance, and nutrient levels

    Anatomical Position

    • Standing upright, feet flat and apart, arms at the sides with palms forward, and head, eyes, and toes pointing straight ahead.

    Body Planes

    • Sagittal: Divides the body into left and right
    • Coronal: Divides the body into front and back
    • Transverse: Divides the body into upper and lower

    Body Cavities

    • Dorsal cavity: Cranial (brain) and Spinal (spinal cord)
    • Ventral cavity: Thoracic (heart, lungs) and Abdominopelvic (stomach, intestines, bladder, reproductive organs)

    Common Directional Terms

    • Superior/Inferior, Anterior/Posterior, Medial/Lateral, Proximal/Distal, Superficial/Deep

    Body Quadrants and Regions

    • RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
    • Umbilical, Hypogastric, Epigastric, Hypochondriac, Lumbar, Iliac

    Basic Chemistry

    • Matter: Anything that occupies space and has mass
    • Element: A pure substance that cannot be broken into simpler substances.
    • Atom: The smallest unit of an element that retains its properties
    • Four elements that make up 96% of body weight: Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
    • Atom Components: Protons (positive), Neutrons (neutral), Electrons (negative)
    • Chemical Bonds: Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen
    • Electrolytes: Ions in solution
    • Molecules: Two or more atoms chemically bonded
    • Compounds: Two or more different elements chemically bonded
    • Water Importance: Essential for many biological processes

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    Description

    Explore the essential functions and classifications of bones in the human skeletal system. This quiz covers the structure of long bones, the differences between compact and spongy bone, and the roles of bones in movement and protection. Test your knowledge on how bones support the body and produce blood cells.

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