Skeletal System Functions and Classification

The study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts.

The study of how the body and its parts function or work.

The smallest unit of an element that retains its properties.

Positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom.

Neutral particles in the nucleus of an atom.

Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus of an atom.

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.

An intermolecular attraction between molecules that involves a hydrogen atom.

Atoms or groups of atoms that carry an electrical charge.

Positively charged ions.

Negatively charged ions.

Substances that form ions when dissolved in water.

Two or more atoms chemically bonded together.

Two or more different elements chemically bonded together.

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment within the body.

The standard reference position used to describe the locations of body structures.

The long shaft in the middle of a long bone.

The rounded ends of a long bone.

The area connecting the shaft to the ends of a long bone.

The growth plate in children between the epiphysis and metaphysis.

Cells that build new bone.

Cells that break down old bone.

A group of muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron.

A brief contraction from one stimulus.

A sustained contraction from rapid, repeated stimuli before relaxation.

The attachment point of a muscle on a stationary bone.

The attachment point of a muscle on a movable bone.

The fleshy, contracting part of a muscle.

A joint that allows for free movement.

A joint that allows for limited movement.

A joint that allows for no movement.

Bones provide support and shape to the body. They serve as a framework for the body.

Bones protect vital organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs.

Bones and muscles work together to allow movement. The skeletal system provides the framework for muscles to attach to.

Bone marrow, found within bones, produces red and white blood cells.

Bones act as a reservoir for important minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus.

Long bones have a long cylindrical shaft, like the femur (thigh bone) and humerus (upper arm bone).

Compact bone is dense and solid, forming the outer layer of bones. Spongy bone has a porous, honeycomb structure inside bones, containing bone marrow.

Osteoblasts build new bone tissue. Osteoclasts break down old bone tissue. This process helps to remodel and repair bones.

Forms the framework of the body, supports and protects internal organs, provides attachment points for muscles, and stores minerals.

Includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Consists of the shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs.

A type of muscle tissue that is attached to bones, allowing for voluntary movement. It has a striated appearance and is under conscious control.

Maintaining a stable internal environment regardless of external changes.

The study of how the body's components work together.

The integumentary system is the body's outer layer, protecting us from the environment.

The skeletal system provides support, protection, and a framework for movement.

The muscular system allows us to move and generates heat.

The nervous system is the body's control center, coordinating actions and responses.

The endocrine system uses hormones to regulate bodily functions.

The cardiovascular system transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste.

Vertical plane dividing the body into left and right sections, like slicing a loaf of bread vertically.

Vertical plane dividing the body into front and back sections, like slicing a loaf of bread vertically.

Horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower sections, like slicing a loaf of bread horizontally.

The top right section of the abdomen (RUQ), the top left section of the abdomen (LUQ), the lower right section of the abdomen (RLQ), and the lower left section of the abdomen (LLQ).

The cavity containing the brain, located within the skull.

The cavity containing the spinal cord, running through the vertebral column.

The cavity containing the heart, lungs, and related structures.

The cavity containing the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and most of the intestines.

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and those with a pH greater than 7 are basic.

The six forms of energy are chemical, radiant, electrical, thermal, mechanical, and nuclear.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy currency of cells. It stores and transfers energy from food molecules to power cellular processes like muscle contraction, active transport, and biosynthesis.

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded. They can be easily separated (e.g., salad, trail mix).

A solution is a type of mixture where one substance dissolves completely in another (e.g., sugar in water). It looks uniform and you can't see the individual parts.

A suspension is a mixture where particles are large and don't dissolve, so they float and can settle over time (e.g., muddy water). You can see the particles if you wait.

A colloidal suspension is similar to a suspension, but the particles are small and don't settle easily. The mixture looks uniform but you can still sometimes see tiny particles under a microscope (e.g., milk, fog).

A precipitate is a solid that forms from a liquid when two substances react together (e.g., when you mix two clear liquids and a solid forms at the bottom).

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen make up approximately 96% of the human body's weight.

Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons are positively charged particles located in the nucleus. Neutrons are neutral particles also found in the nucleus. Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus.

Electrons, particularly valence electrons in the outermost shell, play a crucial role in chemical bonding. They can be shared (covalent bond) or transferred (ionic bond) between atoms to achieve stable electron configurations, resulting in the formation of molecules.

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons between atoms, leading to the formation of ions with opposite charges. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, resulting in a stable molecule. Hydrogen bonds are weaker intermolecular attractions between molecules, not involving electron transfer or sharing.

Ions are atoms or groups of atoms that carry an electrical charge. Cations are positively charged ions, while anions are negatively charged ions. Electrolytes are substances that produce ions when dissolved in water, allowing for the conduction of electricity.

A molecule is formed when two or more atoms are chemically bonded together. A compound is a molecule formed from at least two different elements chemically bonded together.

Water serves as a medium for biochemical reactions, transports nutrients and waste products, lubricates joints, regulates body temperature through sweating and heat absorption, and maintains blood volume by acting as a solvent and transport medium.

Catalysts and enzymes are substances that speed up chemical reactions by lowering their activation energy. Catalysts are typically inorganic molecules, while enzymes are biological proteins. They provide an alternative pathway for the reaction to occur, increasing its rate without themselves being consumed.