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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?
What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?
Smooth muscle is striated and found in the heart.
Smooth muscle is striated and found in the heart.
False
What type of tissue connects bone to bone?
What type of tissue connects bone to bone?
Ligament
The __________ muscle is involuntary and found in the heart.
The __________ muscle is involuntary and found in the heart.
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Match the following muscle types with their characteristics:
Match the following muscle types with their characteristics:
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Which layer of the epidermis is composed of actively dividing cells?
Which layer of the epidermis is composed of actively dividing cells?
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The function of gap junctions is to provide flexibility between adjacent cells.
The function of gap junctions is to provide flexibility between adjacent cells.
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Which of the following body regions is NOT part of the principal body regions?
Which of the following body regions is NOT part of the principal body regions?
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The skin helps control __________ loss and body temperature.
The skin helps control __________ loss and body temperature.
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Flexion refers to movement that decreases the angle between body parts.
Flexion refers to movement that decreases the angle between body parts.
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What is the primary function of simple squamous epithelium?
What is the primary function of simple squamous epithelium?
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The ______ contains multiple layers of flattened outer cells and is found in the skin.
The ______ contains multiple layers of flattened outer cells and is found in the skin.
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Which directional term describes a structure that is further from the midline of the body?
Which directional term describes a structure that is further from the midline of the body?
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Match the type of epithelial tissue with its primary function:
Match the type of epithelial tissue with its primary function:
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A tendon connects muscle to bone.
A tendon connects muscle to bone.
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Name one key difference between tendons and ligaments.
Name one key difference between tendons and ligaments.
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What is the main characteristic of the Stratum Corneum?
What is the main characteristic of the Stratum Corneum?
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Second degree burns only affect the epidermis.
Second degree burns only affect the epidermis.
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What is a common cause of Athlete's Foot?
What is a common cause of Athlete's Foot?
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Individuals with albinism have a defect in __________ production.
Individuals with albinism have a defect in __________ production.
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Match the following burn degrees with their characteristics:
Match the following burn degrees with their characteristics:
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Why do people in high-altitude regions tend to have darker skin?
Why do people in high-altitude regions tend to have darker skin?
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Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that arises from keratinocytes.
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that arises from keratinocytes.
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What are the three types of cells in bone and their primary functions?
What are the three types of cells in bone and their primary functions?
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Study Notes
Body Regions
- Five principal body parts: head, neck, trunk (thorax & abdomen), upper limb, lower limb
Movement Terms
- Flexion/Extension
- Abduction/Adduction
- Rotation/Circumduction
- Pronation/Supination
- Inversion/Eversion
Directional Terms
- Anterior/Posterior (ventral/dorsal)
- Superior/Inferior
- Medial/Lateral
- Proximal/Distal
- Proximal: Closer to the main body mass
- Distal: Further from the main body mass
- Superficial/Deep
- Superficial: Closer to the surface
- Deep: Further from the surface
- Visceral/Parietal
- Ipsilateral/Contralateral
- Supine/Prone
Epithelial Tissue Types
- Simple Squamous: One layer of flat cells; lining of blood vessels, alveoli; diffusion, filtration, protection
- Stratified Squamous: Multiple layers, flattened outer cells; skin (keratinized), mouth/esophagus (non-keratinized); protection from drying and abrasion
- Simple Cuboidal: One layer of cube-shaped cells; kidney tubules, glands, ovary surfaces; secretion, absorption
- Stratified Cuboidal: Multiple layers of cube-shaped cells; sweat gland ducts, salivary gland ducts; secretion, absorption, protection
- Simple Columnar: One layer of elongated cells; digestive organs, uterine tubes; secretion, absorption
- Stratified Columnar: Multiple layers of elongated cells; male urethra, pharynx; protection, secretion
- Pseudostratified Columnar: Appears layered, but single layer; respiratory tract; secretion, moving mucus with cilia
- Transitional: Layers change shape depending on tension; urinary bladder, ureters; allows stretching
Goblet Cells
- Specialized cells in columnar epithelium
- Secrete mucus to lubricate surfaces
- Found in respiratory and digestive tracts
Connective Tissue (Tendon vs. Ligament)
- Tendon: Connects muscle to bone; dense regular connective tissue; strong, tensile strength
- Ligament: Connects bone to bone; dense regular connective tissue with more elastic fibers; flexibility and stability
Muscular Tissue Types
- Skeletal Muscle: Long, cylindrical, striated fibers, multiple nuclei; attached to skeleton; voluntary; body movement
- Smooth Muscle: Spindle-shaped, non-striated, single nucleus; walls of hollow organs (intestines, bladder); involuntary; moves substances through organs
- Cardiac Muscle: Branched, striated fibers, single nucleus, intercalated discs; heart; involuntary; pumps blood
Extracellular Junctions
- Gap Junctions: Plasma membrane channels; allow substance exchange; communication between cells; cardiac and smooth muscle
- Adhesion Junctions: Adjacent plasma membranes held by filaments; flexibility; skin cells
Skin Function
- Protection (trauma, UV radiation, pathogens)
- Regulation (water loss, body temperature)
- Sensory input (touch, pressure, temperature, pain)
- Excretion (removing waste through sweat)
- Vitamin D synthesis (produces vitamin D under UV light exposure)
Epidermis Layers
- Stratum Basale: Single row of actively dividing cells; keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells
- Stratum Spinosum: Spiny appearance due to keratin fibers
- Stratum Granulosum: Flattened cells with keratohyalin granules
- Stratum Lucidum (only in thick skin): Transparent layer
- Stratum Corneum: Tough, outermost layer of dead keratinized cells; prevents water loss, blocks pathogens
Degrees of Burns
- First Degree: Epidermis only; redness, pain (no blistering)
- Second Degree: Epidermis and part of dermis; blistering, severe pain
- Third Degree: Full-thickness burn; destroys entire skin layer; leathery appearance
- Fourth Degree: Extends into deeper tissues (like muscles or bones)
Skin Color in High-Altitude Regions
- High-altitude exposure = thinner atmosphere = more UV rays
- Increased melanin protects against UV damage, reduces skin cancer risk
Albinism
- Genetic disorder; defective melanin production
- Pale skin, light hair, increased sensitivity to sunlight, high susceptibility to burns and skin cancer
Athlete's Foot
- Fungal infection
- Affects toes and soles
- Symptoms: itching, scaling, redness
Skin Cancer (Melanoma)
- Malignant cancer arising from melanocytes
- Unusual moles or dark, irregular spots
- High risk in fair-skinned individuals with severe sunburn history
- Can metastasize rapidly
- Requires early detection for effective treatment
Bone Cells
- Osteoblasts: Produce bone matrix; facilitate bone growth; found on bone surface
- Osteocytes: Maintain bone tissue; derived from osteoblasts; embedded in bone matrix
- Osteoclasts: Break down bone tissue; for remodeling and calcium release; found on bone surface
Appendicular Skeleton Examples
- Upper Limbs: Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
- Lower Limbs: Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
- Girdles: Pectoral (clavicle, scapula), Pelvic (ilium, ischium, pubis)
Vertebrae Regions
- Cervical: 7 vertebrae (C1-C7); supports head, neck movement
- Thoracic: 12 vertebrae (T1-T12); articulates with ribs
- Lumbar: 5 vertebrae (L1-L5); bears most weight, flexibility and movement
- Sacral: 5 fused vertebrae (S1-S5); forms sacrum, connects to pelvis
- Coccygeal: 3-5 fused vertebrae; tailbone
Gout
- Arthritis caused by uric acid crystals in joints
- Common sites: big toe, knees, ankles
- Symptoms: severe pain, redness, swelling, heat
- Cause: high uric acid levels (diet, genetics, kidney dysfunction)
- Management: anti-inflammatory meds, dietary changes (avoid purine-rich foods), hydration
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Description
Test your knowledge of human anatomy with this quiz focusing on body regions, movement terms, and epithelial tissue types. Learn about directional terms and how various body parts function and interact. This quiz is essential for anyone studying human biology or anatomy.
