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Questions and Answers
What percentage of the body weight is the total body water (TBW) in a normal young adult male?
What is the primary function of water in the human body in terms of metabolism?
What is the approximate percentage of water in the fat-free tissue (‘lean body mass’) in an adult?
How does the total body water (TBW) vary with age?
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What is the main function of water in the lungs?
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What is the approximate volume of the total body water (TBW) in a 70 kg adult man?
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What is the main function of water in the human body in terms of nutrient transport?
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How does the degree of obesity affect the total body water (TBW)?
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What percentage of total body water is composed of intracellular fluid?
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What is the primary characteristic of intracellular fluid in terms of ion composition?
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Which of the following is NOT a subcompartment of extracellular fluid?
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What is the approximate volume of extracellular fluid in an average person?
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Which of the following ions is present in high concentrations in extracellular fluid?
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What is the primary function of interstitial fluid?
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What is the approximate percentage of body weight that is composed of extracellular fluid?
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Which of the following is an example of transcellular fluid?
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What is the simplest level of organization within the body?
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Which of the following is a basic physiological function?
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What is the primary function of the organ system level of organization?
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What is the primary component of body fluids?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the special senses?
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What is the primary function of the cellular level of organization?
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Which of the following is a function of the higher intellectual functions?
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What is the primary function of the organ level of organization?
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Study Notes
Physiology and Anatomy
- Physiology is closely related to anatomy, which is the study of body structures, including size, shape, composition, and coloration.
Basic Physiological Functions
- Provision of oxygen and nutrients
- Removal of metabolites and other waste products
- Regulation of blood pressure and body temperature
- Control of hunger and thirst
- Locomotory functions
- Special sensory functions
- Reproduction
- Higher intellectual functions like learning and memory
Levels of Organization
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The human body is organized into 6 structural and functional fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity
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The levels are:
Chemical Level
- Chemicals are the various atoms and molecules that make up the body
- They constitute the inanimate raw ingredients from which all living things arise
- Molecules are the chemical building blocks of all body structures
- Chemicals in the body can be divided into organic and inorganic
Cellular Level
- Cells are the basic units of life in a living organism
Tissue Level
- (No specific details provided)
Organ Level
- (No specific details provided)
Organ System Level
- Each organ system in the body depends on the proper functioning of other organ systems to carry out its specific functions
Organism Level
- An organism is a living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiological functions necessary for life
Body Fluids
- The human body is formed by solids and fluids
- Fluid part is about 2/3 of the whole body
- Water forms most of the fluid part of the body (45-75%)
- Total body water (TBW) varies with age, gender, and degree of obesity
- The percentage of water in the fat-free tissue (‘lean body mass’) in an adult is remarkably constant at 73%
Functions of Water
- Transports nutrients and oxygen into cells
- Regulates body temperature
- Helps with metabolism
- Helps organs to absorb nutrients better
- Moisturizes air in the lungs
- Protects and moisturizes joints
- Protects body organs and tissues
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
- Found inside the cells in the body
- Constitutes about 40% of the total body weight (28 L) in an average person
- Comprises 2/3 of total body water (28 L)
- High in potassium and magnesium ions, phosphate, sulphate, and proteins
- Low in sodium and chloride ions
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
- Found outside the body cells
- Constitutes about 20% of the body weight (14 L) in an average person
- Comprises 1/3 of total body water (14 L)
- Low in potassium and magnesium ions, phosphate, sulphate, and proteins
- High in sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions
- Divided into 3 subcompartments: interstitial fluid (ISF), plasma, and transcellular fluid
Composition of Body Fluid Compartments
- Sodium (Na+): 143 mmol/L in ECF, 9 mmol/L in ICF
- Calcium (Ca2+): 1.3 mmol/L in ECF
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of human anatomy, including the study of body structures, and basic physiological functions such as oxygen provision, waste removal, and regulation of bodily processes.
