Human Anatomy and Physiology Basics

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of the body weight is the total body water (TBW) in a normal young adult male?

60 - 65%

55 - 60% (correct)

70 - 75%

45 - 50%

What is the primary function of water in the human body in terms of metabolism?

It regulates body temperature

It transports nutrients and oxygen into cells

It protects and moisturizes our joints

It helps with metabolism (correct)

What is the approximate percentage of water in the fat-free tissue (‘lean body mass’) in an adult?

73% (correct)

65%

75%

70%

How does the total body water (TBW) vary with age?

It declines with age due to increase in adipose tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of water in the lungs?

It moisturizes air in the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate volume of the total body water (TBW) in a 70 kg adult man?

42 litres Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of water in the human body in terms of nutrient transport?

It transports nutrients and oxygen into cells Signup and view all the answers

How does the degree of obesity affect the total body water (TBW)?

It correlates inversely with the TBW Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total body water is composed of intracellular fluid?

2/3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of intracellular fluid in terms of ion composition?

High in potassium and magnesium ions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a subcompartment of extracellular fluid?

Intracellular fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate volume of extracellular fluid in an average person?

14 L Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is present in high concentrations in extracellular fluid?

Sodium ions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of interstitial fluid?

To surround the cells in the body and fill the spaces between cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of body weight that is composed of extracellular fluid?

20% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of transcellular fluid?

Cerebrospinal fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the simplest level of organization within the body?

Chemical level Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a basic physiological function?

Provision of oxygen and nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the organ system level of organization?

Integration of body functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of body fluids?

Water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the special senses?

Regulation of blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cellular level of organization?

Maintenance of basic life functions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the higher intellectual functions?

Learning and memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the organ level of organization?

Performance of specific functions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Physiology and Anatomy

Physiology is closely related to anatomy, which is the study of body structures, including size, shape, composition, and coloration.

Basic Physiological Functions

Provision of oxygen and nutrients
Removal of metabolites and other waste products
Regulation of blood pressure and body temperature
Control of hunger and thirst
Locomotory functions
Special sensory functions
Reproduction
Higher intellectual functions like learning and memory

Levels of Organization

The human body is organized into 6 structural and functional fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity
The levels are:

Chemical Level
- Chemicals are the various atoms and molecules that make up the body
- They constitute the inanimate raw ingredients from which all living things arise
- Molecules are the chemical building blocks of all body structures
- Chemicals in the body can be divided into organic and inorganic
Cellular Level
- Cells are the basic units of life in a living organism
Tissue Level
- (No specific details provided)
Organ Level
- (No specific details provided)
Organ System Level
- Each organ system in the body depends on the proper functioning of other organ systems to carry out its specific functions
Organism Level
- An organism is a living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiological functions necessary for life

Body Fluids

The human body is formed by solids and fluids
Fluid part is about 2/3 of the whole body
Water forms most of the fluid part of the body (45-75%)
Total body water (TBW) varies with age, gender, and degree of obesity
The percentage of water in the fat-free tissue (‘lean body mass’) in an adult is remarkably constant at 73%

Functions of Water

Transports nutrients and oxygen into cells
Regulates body temperature
Helps with metabolism
Helps organs to absorb nutrients better
Moisturizes air in the lungs
Protects and moisturizes joints
Protects body organs and tissues

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Found inside the cells in the body
Constitutes about 40% of the total body weight (28 L) in an average person
Comprises 2/3 of total body water (28 L)
High in potassium and magnesium ions, phosphate, sulphate, and proteins
Low in sodium and chloride ions

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Found outside the body cells
Constitutes about 20% of the body weight (14 L) in an average person
Comprises 1/3 of total body water (14 L)
Low in potassium and magnesium ions, phosphate, sulphate, and proteins
High in sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions
Divided into 3 subcompartments: interstitial fluid (ISF), plasma, and transcellular fluid

Composition of Body Fluid Compartments

Sodium (Na+): 143 mmol/L in ECF, 9 mmol/L in ICF
Calcium (Ca2+): 1.3 mmol/L in ECF

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of human anatomy, including the study of body structures, and basic physiological functions such as oxygen provision, waste removal, and regulation of bodily processes.