GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY- (Allied Health)- May 2024.ppt

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SMS/SSN184: PHYSIOLOGY I Stephen P. Awuah Dept. of Physiology, SMS, KNUST 1 Recommended Books: Sembulingam, K. and Sembulingam, P. (2022). Essentials of Medical Physiology. 9th Edition, New Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, Dehli, India Hall, J.E. and H...

SMS/SSN184: PHYSIOLOGY I Stephen P. Awuah Dept. of Physiology, SMS, KNUST 1 Recommended Books: Sembulingam, K. and Sembulingam, P. (2022). Essentials of Medical Physiology. 9th Edition, New Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, Dehli, India Hall, J.E. and Hall, M.E. (2020). Guyton and Hall textbook of Medical Physiology. 14th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Giovanni Cavagna (2019). Fundamentals of Human Physiology. ISBN: 3030194043, 9783030194048 Emma Jakoi and Jennifer Carbrey (2015). Introductory Physiology. ISBN: 1312925191, 9781312925199 Horrobin D.F. (2012). An Introduction to Human Physiology. ISBN: 9401023492 Smelter, S.C. (2010). Brunner and Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Lippincott, Williams and Wilkin Philadelphia, N.Y. Ross, J.S. and Wilson, K.J.W. (2008). Foundations of Anatomy and Physiology. 4th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill 2 General Physiology Teaching Outline Introduction to Physiology Levels of Organization Cell Biology  Structure and Function of Cellular Components  Composition and Functions of the Plasma Membrane Membrane Transport  Passive Transport  Simple Diffusion  Facilitated Diffusion  Bulk Flow  Filtration 3  Osmosis Teaching Outline- Cont’d Active Transport  Primary Active Transport  Secondary Active Transport  Vesicular Transport Homeostasis  The Meaning of Homeostasis  Homeostatic Control System  Components of the Homeostatic Control System  Mechanisms for Maintenance of Homeostasis  Feedback Mechanism  Negative Feedback  Positive Feedback  Feedforward Mechanism 4  Disturbance of Homeostasis 5 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY Physiology is the science that seeks to explain the physical and chemical mechanisms that are responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life Each type of life, from the simplest virus to the largest tree or the complicated human being, has its own functional characteristics Therefore, the vast field of physiology can be divided into viral physiology bacterial physiology cell physiology plant physiology invertebrate physiology vertebrate physiology mammalian physiology 6 Introduction- Cont’d Human Physiology is the scientific study of the physics and chemistry of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of the life of human  It is a fascinating and an ancient branch of medical science The human body operates as a single entity, but is made up of a number of systems that work interdependently Each system in the body is associated with a specific, and sometimes related, function that is normally essential for the wellbeing of the individual Much of the study of physiology centers on the body’s 7 Introduction- Cont’d Two approaches are used in Physiology to explain events that occur in the body, which include:  i) the purpose/function of a body process, and  ii) the underlying mechanism by which that process occurs Physiologists view the human body as a machine whose mechanisms of action can be explained in terms of cause-and-effect sequences of physical and chemical processes For example:  A physiologist’s explanation of shivering during cold temperature is that, thermoreceptors send signals to the brain (i.e., hypothalamus) for temperature regulation 8 8 Introduction- Cont’d Knowledge of Human Physiology is essential to understand allied subjects like Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Pathology, Medicine, etc. Physiology is closely related to Anatomy Human Anatomy is the study of body structures, which includes size, shape, composition, and perhaps even coloration The basic physiological functions include:  provision of oxygen and nutrients  removal of metabolites and other waste products  regulation of blood pressure and body temperature  control of hunger and thirst  locomotory functions  special sensory functions  reproduction, and 9  the higher intellectual functions like learning and memory THE CELL, BODY FLUIDS AND MEMBRANE TRANSPORT 10 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION The human body is organized into 6 structural and functional fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity Each higher level incorporates the structures and functions of the previous level The simplest level of organization within the body is the chemical level, and proceed to cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism 11 Levels of Organization- Cont’d Level of Explanation Organization ▪ Chemicals are the various atoms and molecules that make up the body 1. Chemical level ▪ They constitute the inanimate raw ingredients from which all living things arise ▪ Molecules are the chemical building blocks of all body structures ▪ Chemicals in the body can be divided into organic and inorganic ▪ Cells are the basic units of life in a living organism 2. Cellular level ▪ A cell is the smallest independently structural and functional unit capable of carrying out the processes associated with life 12 ▪ Living cells generally are divided into 2 major Levels of Organization- Cont’d Level of Explanation Organization ▪ Tissues are group of cells of similar specialization 3. Tissue level ▪ A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure that work together to perform a specialized (or specific) function ▪ All the tissues in the body are classified into 4 major types which are called the primary tissues, and these are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues ▪ An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types 4. Organ level ▪ Each organ consists of two or more types of primary tissues organized together to perform one or more specific physiological functions 13 ▪ The organs in the body are of 2 major types, Levels of Organization- Cont’d Level of Explanation Organization ▪ An organ system is a collection of related 5. Organ/Body organs System level ▪ Each organ system consists of a group of organs that work together to carry out specific functions of the body ▪ The organ systems are packaged together into a functional whole body 6. Organism level ▪ An organism is a living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiological functions necessary for life ▪ Each organ system in the body depends on the proper functioning of other organ systems to carry out its specific functions 14 14 Levels of organization of human 15 Levels of organization of human Every organ system in the body is independent structurally 16 and functionally, yet, all the systems are interdependent Organ Systems of the Human 17 Organ Systems of the Human 18 BODY FLUIDS The human body is formed by solids and fluids Fluid part is about 2/3 of the whole body Water forms most of the fluid part of the body (45 - 75%) Total body water (TBW) varies with  Age declines with age due to increase in adipose tissues ≈ 73% of the body weight in infants, and ≈ 60% of the body weight in adults  Gender 55 -60% of the body weight in normal young adult male 45 -50% of the body weight in normal young adult female  Degree of obesity 19 correlates inversely with body fat Body Fluids- Cont’d The percentage of water in the fat-free tissue (‘lean body mass’) in an adult is remarkably constant at 73% 2020 Functions of Water Water is very essential in the human body, and it  transports nutrients and oxygen into cells  regulates body temperature  helps with metabolism  helps our organs to absorb nutrients better  moisturizes air in the lungs  protects and moisturizes our joints  protects body organs and tissues 21 Functions of 22 BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS In a 70 kg adult man, the total body water (TBW) is about 60% of the body weight (i.e., about 42 litres) TBW usually may range between 40 -45 litres TBW is distributed between 2 major compartments These are:  1. Intracellular fluid (ICF)  It is the fluid collectively contained within all body cells  2. Extracellular fluid (ICF)  It is the fluid outside the body cells (i.e., in which the cells live), which constantly moves throughout the body  The ICF and ECF compartments are separated from each 23 Intracellular Fluid Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found inside the cells in the body ICF constitutes about 40% of the total body weight (28 L) in an average person ICF comprises of 2/3 of total body water (28 L) It is high in potassium and magnesium ions, phosphate, sulphate, and proteins It is low in sodium and chloride ions 24 Extracellular Fluid Extracellular fluid (ECF) is found outside the body cells ECF constitutes about 20% of the body weight (14 L) in an average person ECF comprises of 1/3 of total body water (14 L) It is low in potassium and magnesium ions, phosphate, sulphate, and proteins It is high in sodium, chloride and bicarbonate ions Extracellular fluid is divided into 3 subcompartments These are:  Interstitial fluid (ISF)  Plasma 25  Transcellular fluid Extracellular Fluid- Cont’d Interstitial Fluid Plasma Transcellular Fluid (ISF) (TF) ▪ It is the ▪ It is contained within ▪ It surround the extracellular epithelial lined spaces cells in the body and fills the spaces component of blood ▪ It is the set of fluids between cells within it circulates in the that are outside of the tissues cardiovascular normal compartments system ▪ It is also known as ▪ It includes CSF, ▪ It is also known as synovial fluid, aqueous intercellular or intravascular fluid humor, vitreous humor, tissue fluid ▪ It makes up about pleural fluid, pericardial ▪ It comprises about ¼ of the ECF fluid, peritoneal fluid, ¾ of the ECF serous fluid, fluids ▪ Fluid movement within the digestive and ▪ It does not from the urinary tracts, and circulate intravascular to glandular secretions interstitial and ▪ The total volume is 26 intracellular Body fluid 27 Composition of Body Fluid Compartments Substance ECF (mmol/L) ICF (mmol/L) Na+ 143 9 Ca2+ 1.3

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