The Crusades Quiz and Flashcards for HS 201: World Civilizations and Cultures

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Questions and Answers

Where did the Oghuz tribes migrate to after the conquest of Iran by the Seljuks?

Pastoralist regions of Syria

Ghaznavid regions of Central Asia

Pastoralist regions of Azerbaijan and Anatolia (correct)

Fatimid dynasties of Egypt

What was the main intention of the Turkish tribes in Anatolia?

To fight as mercenaries for the Ghaznavids

To participate in holy wars against pagans and Christians

To migrate to new regions (correct)

To gain a booty or martyrs' death

Who ruled from Egypt and expanded northwards during the 11th and 12th centuries CE?

The Byzantine dynasty

The Ghaznavid dynasty

The Fatimid dynasty (correct)

The Seljuk dynasty

What was the relationship between the Seljuk clan and the Turkish tribes?

The Seljuk clan shared leadership with the Turkish tribes Signup and view all the answers

What was the term used to refer to Muslim volunteers in military raids against pagans and Christians?

Ghazi Signup and view all the answers

Which city was occupied by the Seljuk clan after conquering the Ghaznavid regions of Central Asia?

Nishapur Signup and view all the answers

Who was prompted to launch the Second Crusade?

Pope Eugenius III Signup and view all the answers

Which city was laid siege to for four days before the crusaders retreated?

Damascus Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the crusaders' lack of discipline, supplies, and finance?

A defeat at the hands of the Seljuks Signup and view all the answers

Who re-captured Ascalon in 1153?

The rulers of Jerusalem Signup and view all the answers

What did Nur ad-din encourage in Damascus?

The composition of jihad poems Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the Second Crusade's defeat at Damascus?

The suppression of the spirit of the crusade Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the Turkish cavalry in West Asia?

To provide economic benefits to merchant communities in exchange for security Signup and view all the answers

What was the term used by Western Europeans to refer to the Byzantine and other Orthodox Christians?

Greeks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups were considered as schismatics or heretics by the Latin Christians?

Armenians, Georgians, Nubians, having independent states Signup and view all the answers

What was the linguistic division of the Muslims in West Asia and North Africa?

Arab, Kurdish, Turkish, and Persian Signup and view all the answers

What was the relation between the Byzantine and the Muslims up to the 10th century?

Stable and peaceful Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups were not considered as minorities in the Islamic states?

Latins and Franks Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary trigger for the Crusades?

The loss of Byzantine territory to the Muslim invasion Signup and view all the answers

What was the main difference between the army of the Fatimid Egypt and the Islamic army?

The Fatimid army had a strong navy Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the First Crusade's attempt to reach the city of Baghdad?

They were crushed in eastern Anatolia Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the Military Orders in the Crusader states?

To provide healthcare and protection to pilgrims Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the capture of Jerusalem in 1099?

It was a major success for the First Crusade Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the divisions among the Muslim forces during the First Crusade?

The Crusaders were able to take advantage of their divisions and achieve success Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the Italian sailors and troops in the Crusades?

They helped the Crusaders gain control of the port cities Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Damascene preacher, as-Sulami's, call to jihad?

It was largely ignored by the Muslim rulers Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the First Crusade's crusade against the Seljuk capital of Nicea?

The Crusaders captured the city Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the Crusaders' relations with their Muslim neighbours?

They were marked by religious tolerance and occasional alliances Signup and view all the answers

Who captured Shiite Egypt in the 1160s?

Nur ad-din Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Third Crusade?

The Franks gained considerable lands on the western coast but Jerusalem remained under Saladin Signup and view all the answers

What was the original intention of the Fifth Crusade?

To invade Egypt Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusade led to the creation of several Frank states in Greece Signup and view all the answers

Who led the most elaborate crusade, the Seventh Crusade?

King Louis IX of France Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Crusade led by Emperor Frederick II of Italy?

He was declared a heretic and a crusade was declared against him Signup and view all the answers

Who succeeded Saladin?

Mamluks Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the siege of Acre in 1291?

The Crusaders were defeated and the city was captured by Sultan al-Ashraf Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the Crusades on trade?

New avenues for interactions and trade developed Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the battle of Lepanto in 1571?

The Knights Hospitaller inflicted a crushing defeat on the Ottoman Turks Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Historical Background of Crusades

The Turkish tribes were adventurous and rarely controlled by the Seljuks, leading to the conquest of Iran and the migration of other Turk tribes like the Oghuz.
The Oghuz tribes were attracted to the pastoralist regions of Azerbaijan and Anatolia, where they found themselves in a war zone (ghazi territory).
The ghazi territory referred to Muslim volunteer military raids against pagans and Christians, who expected to gain a booty or martyrs' death.

Expansion of Muslims

During the 11th and 12th centuries CE, the areas of Syria and Anatolia were under the Fatimid and Byzantine dynasties, respectively.
Fatimids claimed their descent from Fatima, the daughter of Muhammad, and ruled from Egypt, slowly expanding northwards.
Turks were another dominant force, whom Ghaznavids first invited to fight as mercenaries, but later, they revolted against them.
The Seljuk clan, having shared leadership with Turkish tribes, conquered the Ghaznavid regions of Central Asia, Khurasan, and Iran.

Byzantine Empire and the Call for Crusade

The Byzantine Empire could not be conquered, and the downfall of the Abbasid empire in Baghdad enabled an upper hand for the Byzantines.
The Byzantines launched a series of counter-attacks, destroying the Armenians, which served as a buffer between them and Muslims.
The relation between the Byzantines and Western Europe, particularly the Latin-Catholic Church, was not congenial.
Trade relations existed between the Norman kingdom of southern Italy, Sicily, and other towns, with the Mediterranean region being full of activity.
Contact between the Christian west and Islamic east also existed due to Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem and the Holy Land.

The First Crusade (1096-1099 CE)

The First Crusade was prompted by the loss of Byzantine territory to the Muslim invasion and the end of the 11th century CE.
Pope Urban II preached an armed pilgrimage to help the Byzantines and take the Holy Land.
Many commoners were enthusiastic, and along with the Knights, joined the force.
The First Crusade faced a fragmented Muslim force, as the Seljuks and Turkish were fairly independent in Anatolia and Armenia.
The crusaders made their way east through land and sea, capturing the Seljuk capital of Nicea and eventually reaching Jerusalem.
The crusaders were not interested in negotiating with the Fatimid rulers, and captured the Holy City in 1099.

Warring Sides (Byzantine, Islamic, and Saracens)

The main trigger was the loss of Byzantine territory to the Muslim invasion, and the end of the 11th century CE.
The armed forces were concentrated in European or Western territory, and the other was concentrated in Asian or Eastern territory.
The Byzantine army adopted organizational structures, following both from the Western European and Turkish neighbors.
The army of the Islamic side was varied, with recruitment including whatever manpower was available, and central Asian Mamluk or slave origin professional soldiers.

The Crusader States

The crusaders carved out four states in southeastern Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Israel.
The crusader states thrived from the support from Italy, with the economy boosted by the spices from the Muslim world.
The flow of pilgrims continued, and the maritime routes became functional again, with thousands of pilgrims visiting the holy sites.
The sites were under Latin control, and religious communities thrived, with the crusader states thriving from the support from Italy.

The Decline of the Crusader States

The fall of Jerusalem sent shockwaves to the west, and Pope John Urban III died of a heart attack.
The Third Crusade (1189-1192 CE) was launched, but the Franks could only gain the city of Tyre and besiege the port town of Acre.
The Fourth Crusade (1202-04 CE) ended up sacking Constantinople, the greatest Christian city at that time.
The Fifth Crusade (1202-04 CE) originally aimed to invade Egypt, but stuck at the port town of Damietta.
The Sixth Crusade (1228-29 CE) was declared against Emperor Frederick II of Italy, who was declared a heretic.

The End of Crusades

The Seventh Crusade (up to 1291 CE) was the most elaborate one, led by King Louis IX of France.
The Christians were only restricted to the coastal strip, enabling them to strengthen the fortified castles.
The complexities grew, with Mongols on the rampage, and Saladin was succeeded by Mamluks, who were ferocious exponents of holy war.
Sultan al-Ashraf in 1291 captured Acre and ended the occupation of Christians.
The idea of recapturing the Holy Land did not die out, and even the expedition of Christopher Columbus' voyage to find an alternate route to Jerusalem.
The main threat was from the Ottoman Turks, who captured Constantinople in 1453.

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Test your knowledge on the historical background of the Crusades, including the expansion of Muslims, the role of Turkish warbands and tribesmen, and the conquest of Iran by the Seljuks.

HS 201: World Civilizations and Cultures - The Crusades

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