Hormones & Reproductive System Functions
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Questions and Answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?

  • Oxytocin
  • Testosterone (correct)
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone

    • What is the primary function of progesterone in the female reproductive system?

  • Promoting the development of male traits
  • Maintaining the uterine lining during pregnancy (correct)
  • Triggering milk production
  • Simulating ovulation

    • Which female sex hormone is responsible for the development of typical female sexual characteristics?

  • Estrogen (correct)
  • Progesterone
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

    • What is the role of estrogen and progesterone in the female reproductive system? Estrogen _

    <p>helps thicken the uterine lining, while progesterone maintains the lining for pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between testosterone and estrogen in reproductive functions?

    <p>Testosterone regulates sperm production, while estrogen prepares the uterus for pregnancy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly explains the roles of testosterone, LH, and FSH in the male reproductive system?

    <p>LH stimulates the production of testosterone, while FSH helps in sperm production and maturation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does estrogen affect the female reproductive system?

    <p>Thickens the uterine lining for potential pregnancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does testosterone secretion affect the development of an organism during puberty? It _

    <p>stimulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair and a deeper voice in males.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of estrogen secretion on the development of A female reproductive system? It _

    <p>promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development and widening of the hips.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which refers to the "period" that occurs in females where fertilization takes place?

    <p>Menstruation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by the thickening of the uterine lining in preparation for potential pregnancy?

    <p>Follicular phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What takes place during menstrual phase? The _

    <p>uterine lining sheds and exits the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone keeps the uterine lining thick during the luteal phase

    <p>Estrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alexa is learning about the menstrual cycle, which has different phases-controlled by hormones. In the first half, estrogen matures an egg and thickens the uterine lining. Mid-cycle, a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) causes ovulation. After ovulation, progesterone keeps the uterine lining ready for a possible pregnancy. Alexa wonders how hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle affect the body. Which sequence of hormone actions best fits the scenario?

    <p>Estrogen helps thicken the uterine lining, LH triggers ovulation, and progesterone maintains the lining for potential pregnancy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a feedback mechanism in the body? To _

    <p>maintain homeostasis by regulating biological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a negative feedback mechanism regulate estrogen levels during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>High estrogen levels inhibit the release of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) to prevent excessive follicle growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is an example positive feedback mechanism in the female reproductive system?

    <p>A surge in LH triggered by ang estrogen levels to induce ovulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

    <p>Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?

    <p>Brain and spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subdivision of the Peripheral Nervous System controls voluntary movements?

    <p>Somatic Nervous System (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A group of students is investigating how the nervous system responds to external stimuli. During their experiment, they step on a sharp object and immediately lift their foot. Later, they notice that their breathing rate increased during the experience. Which BEST explains how the nervous system divisions worked together during this event? The

    <p>Autonomic NS increased breathing, somatic NS moved foot (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of the nervous system involves detecting changes in the environment through sensory receptors?

    <p>Sensation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You are walking barefoot on the beach and suddenly step on a sharp rock. You feel pain, quickly lift your fool and realize what happened. Which of the following best explains how the nervous system processes this event?

    <p>Sensation: Your skin detects the sharpness of the rock Integration: Your brain identifies the sensation as pain Response: Your muscles contract (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which BEST describes the role of the nervous system in maintaining homeostasis? it _

    <p>regulates body temperature by controlling sweating and shivering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person walks outside on a cold day without a jacket. His body begins to shiver to maintain a stable internal temperature. Which of the following best explains how the nervous system helps coordinate this response to maintain homeostasis?

    <ul> <li>Sensory neurons detect cold and signal the brain.</li> <li>The brain sends signals to muscles to shiver.</li> <li>Shivering generates heat to restore temperature. (C)</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the condition when all parts of the body function in harmony with each other?

    <p>homeostasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anna has been jogging on a hot day and starts to sweat heavily. the following best explains how sweating helps her body maintain homeostasis? Sweating_

    <p>releases heat through evaporation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which other term refers to a nerve cell?

    <p>neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the nervous system contribute to negative feedback mechanisms in the body? By _

    <p>detecting changes and activating systems that restore balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of band holds complimentary nitrogenous bases together in a DNA molecule?

    <p>hydrogen bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

    <p>Helicase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sequences of DNA bases is complementary to the sequence: ATC-GTG-CCC?

    <p>TAG-CAC-GGG (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complementary RNA base pairing rule during transcription?

    <p>A pairs with U, and C pairs with G (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, which of the following correctly describes the role of polymerase? It _

    <p>synthesizes a new strand by adding complementary nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis? It

    <p>carries the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is tRNA important in protein synthesis during translation? It _

    <p>transports amino acids to build protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a stop codon?

    <p>UAG (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the correct order of events that take place during the synthesis of a specific protein? I. Amino acids are bonded together. II. Messenger RNA attaches to a ribosome. III. Transfer RNA bonds to a specific codon. IV. RNA exits from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. V. DNA serves as a template for the production of RNA.

    <p>V-IV-II-III-1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do you call the change in a gene due to damage or being copied incorrectly?

    <p>mutation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of DNA mutation involves the substitution of one nucleotide for another?

    <p>Substitution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a frameshift mutation? It _

    <p>introduces an abnormal sequence of amino acids,</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is least likely to cause changes in DNA?

    <p>radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would be the corresponding mRNA codon if the DNA template reads "ATA"?

    <p>UAU (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does gene mutation occur? During

    <p>DNA replication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can help determine the age of fossils?

    <p>Measuring the amount of carbon-14 in the fossil. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A group of Grade 10 students is studying the wing structures of a bat and a bird. Both animals use their for flight, but upon closer inspection, the bone structures of their wings are different. Despite these differences, both wings serve the same function of enabling flight. This is an example of analogous structures. What does the similarity in function between the bats and birds' wings despite their different bone structures suggest about their evolutionary relationship? The

    <p>bats and birds evolved independently. Their wings adapted to serve similar functions in response to similar environmental challenges. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which BEST describes homologous structures? Structures that _

    <p>are similar in origin and structure, but may serve different functions in different organisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which BEST describes the Theory of Natural Selection?

    <p>In nature, the organism with necessary characteristics may survive, while those with weaker traits may not (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After hearing the explanation, the teacher asks the class a question: Which BEST explains how giraffes evolved according to Lamarck's theory? Giraffes_

    <p>stretched their necks to reach higher leaves, and this acquired trait was inherited by their offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does adaptation promote in a species? To

    <p>increase the chances of survival and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Testosterone

    A hormone responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics and sperm production.

    Progesterone

    A hormone that maintains the uterine lining during pregnancy.

    Estrogen

    A hormone that develops female sexual characteristics and regulates the menstrual cycle.

    Menstrual cycle phases

    The menstrual cycle includes the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase.

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    Negative feedback mechanism

    A process that helps maintain homeostasis by regulating hormone levels.

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    LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

    A hormone that triggers ovulation and stimulates testosterone production in males.

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    FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)

    A hormone that stimulates egg maturation in females and sperm production in males.

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    Analagous structures

    Structures in different species that serve similar functions but evolved differently.

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    Homologous structures

    Structures that have similar origins and may serve different functions in different organisms.

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    Gene mutation

    A change in a gene due to damage or incorrect copying.

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    Frameshift mutation

    A mutation that alters the reading frame of the genetic code by inserting or deleting nucleotides.

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    mRNA role in protein synthesis

    mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

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    tRNA role in translation

    tRNA transports amino acids to ribosomes to build proteins.

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    Stop codon

    A codon in mRNA that signals the end of protein synthesis.

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    DNA replication

    The process of making copies of DNA before cell division.

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    Hydrogen bond in DNA

    The type of bond that holds complementary nitrogenous bases together in a DNA molecule.

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    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

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    Homeostasis definition

    The condition when all parts of the body function in harmony to maintain internal stability.

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    Feedback mechanism

    A process that regulates biological processes to maintain homeostasis.

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    Sensation

    The function of the nervous system that involves detecting changes in the environment through sensory receptors.

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    Excitatory and inhibitory signals

    Neurological signals that either stimulate or suppress neuron activity.

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    Evolution by natural selection

    The process where organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce more than others.

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    Mutation effect on evolution

    Mutations can lead to new traits that may be beneficial or harmful to the organism.

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    Testosterone and secondary sexual characteristics

    Testosterone promotes the development of male physical features like increased muscle and body hair.

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    Estrogen's effect on the menstrual cycle

    Estrogen plays a key role in thickening the uterine lining after menstruation.

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    Regulation of hormone levels

    Hormones regulate various functions in the body, responding to internal and external stimuli.

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    Protein synthesis process

    The process includes transcription and translation to form proteins from DNA code.

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    Inheriting traits

    The process by which characteristics are passed from parents to offspring, influenced by genetic material.

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    Cyclic nature of biology

    Biological processes occur in cycles, such as the menstrual cycle and life cycles of cells.

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    Evolutionary adaptations

    Changes in traits within a population that enhance survival and reproduction in a specific environment.

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    Study Notes

    Hormone Functions

    • Testosterone is primarily responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics.
    • Progesterone's primary function in the female reproductive system is maintaining the uterine lining for pregnancy.
    • Estrogen is responsible for female secondary sexual characteristics.
    • Estrogen thickens the uterine lining during the first half of the menstrual cycle, in preparation for pregnancy.
    • Progesterone maintains the uterine lining after ovulation.
    • Testosterone regulates sperm production and development of male secondary sexual characteristics.
    • LH promotes the growth of male reproductive organs and stimulates testosterone production.
    • FSH helps in sperm production and maturation

    Female Reproductive System

    • Estrogen and progesterone are essential in regulating the menstrual cycle and preparing the body for pregnancy.
    • Estrogen thickens the uterine lining during the first half of the menstrual cycle.
    • Progesterone maintains the uterine lining after ovulation, preparing it for potential pregnancy.

    Male Reproductive System

    • Testosterone plays a central role in male secondary sexual characteristics and sperm production in the testes.
    • LH and FSH regulate testosterone and sperm production in the testes.

    Menstrual Cycle

    • The menstrual phase is characterised by the shedding of the uterine lining.
    • The luteal phase is when the uterine lining is thick in preparation for implantation.
    • Estrogen thickens the uterine lining in the first half of the cycle.

    Negative Feedback Mechanisms in the Menstrual Cycle

    • High estrogen levels inhibit the release of FSH to prevent excessive follicle growth

    Positive Feedback Mechanisms

    • A surge in LH triggered by increasing estrogen levels induces ovulation.

    Nervous System

    • The two main divisions of the nervous system are the central and peripheral nervous systems.
    • The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
    • The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements.
    • The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions.

    Nervous System Functions

    • Sensation is the detection of changes in the environment through sensory receptors.

    • Integration is the processing of sensory information by the brain to determine a response.

    • Response is the reaction to the sensory information.

    • The nervous system regulates body temperature by controlling shivering to generate heat to maintain stable internal temperature.

    • The nervous system maintains homeostasis by sending sensory signals to the brain to initiate a response like shivering in response to cold..

    • Homeostasis is the state of equilibrium in which all parts of the body function in harmony together.

    • A mutation is a change in a gene due to damage or copying errors.

    DNA Replication and Transcription

    • A hydrogen bond holds complimentary nitrogenous bases together in a DNA molecule.
    • Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix during replication.
    • DNA polymerase seals the gaps between newly synthesized DNA fragments.

    Protein Synthesis

    • mRNA carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis, which takes place in the ribosomes.
    • tRNA delivers amino acids to build proteins.

    Stop Codon

    • UAG is a stop codon.

    Order of Events in Protein Synthesis

    • Messenger RNA attaches to a ribosome (II).
    • Transfer RNA bonds to a specific codon (III).
    • Amino acids are bonded together (I).
    • RNA exits the nucleus, and DNA serves as template for RNA production.

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    Hormone Function Quiz PDF

    Description

    Overview of hormone functions including testosterone, progesterone and estrogen. Focus on their roles in sperm production, the menstrual cycle and maintaining the uterine lining in preparation for pregnancy. Explanation of LH and FSH functions.

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