42 Questions
Which type of HIV is macrophage-tropic and non-syncytium-inducing early in infection?
T4 cell tropic and syncytium-inducing
What happens to the CD4+ T-cell count as HIV-specific immune responses emerge?
It partially recovers
At what point does the risk for opportunistic diseases increase in HIV infection?
When the CD4+ T-cell count falls below 200 cells/mL
What are the three subfamilies of retroviruses based on pathogenicity?
Oncoviruses, Spumaviruses, and Lentiviruses
What are the two serotypes of lentivirus that are pathogenic for humans?
HIV-1 and HIV-2
What are human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs)?
The remnants of ancestral retroviral infections that became fixed in the germ line DNA
Which gene codes for the HIV envelope protein?
ENV
Which co-receptor is NOT a principal co-receptor for HIV-1?
CD4
What happens during the late stage of HIV replication?
Expression of Gag, Pol, Env, Vif, VPR, and VPU
What is the diameter of the HIV virion?
100-120 nm
Which cells are the main targets of HIV in vivo?
Macrophages and CD4 cells
What is the gold standard for diagnosing HIV in babies?
HIV-DNA PCR testing
What is the mutation rate and genetic variability of HIV?
Up to 38%
Which of the following is a way to prevent HIV infection for people at risk of getting it?
Taking a pill everyday
During the late stage of HIV replication, the virus becomes
Syncytium-inducing
What happens to the CD4+ T-cell count as HIV infection progresses?
It declines slowly during clinical latency
Which of the following viruses do not have oncogenic properties?
RNA viruses
Which subfamily of retroviruses is associated with slowly progressive impairment of the immune and nervous systems in humans?
Lentiviruses
What is the composition of the viral genome in retroviruses?
Two identical chains of +ss genomic RNA with positive polarity
What are human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs)?
Remnants of ancestral retroviral infections that became fixed in the germ line DNA
What is the function of the LTR in the HIV genome?
Controls and activates viral replication
Which gene codes for enzymes in the HIV genome?
POL
What is the function of the NEF accessory protein in HIV?
Regulates viral infectivity and replication
What is the morphology of the HIV virion?
Enveloped and spherical with diameters of 100-120 nm
Which body fluid is HIV not found in?
Tears
What is the gold standard for diagnosing HIV in babies?
HIV-DNA PCR testing
Which group of HIV-1 has the highest genetic variability?
Group M
What is the route of HIV transmission during breastfeeding?
Ingestion of infected fluid
Which type of HIV is macrophage-tropic and non-syncytium-inducing early in infection?
T4 cell tropic
What happens to the CD4+ T-cell count as the disease progresses?
It declines slowly during the clinical latency period
Which RNA virus has oncogenic properties?
HTLV-1
What is the function of the TAT protein in HIV replication?
Increases transcription
Which cells are the primary targets of HIV in vivo?
T lymphocytes
What is the morphology of the HIV virion?
Spherical with diameters of 100-120 nm
What is the function of the VIF accessory protein in HIV?
Increases viral infectivity
Which of the following is NOT one of the three subfamilies of retroviruses based on pathogenicity?
Adenoviruses
What are human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs)?
HERVs are remnants of ancestral retroviral infections that became fixed in the germ line DNA.
What are the two serotypes of lentivirus that are pathogenic for humans?
HIV-1 and HIV-2
What is the most common subtype of HIV-1 worldwide?
C
Which of the following body fluids is HIV NOT found in?
Tears
What is the gold standard for diagnosing HIV in babies?
HIV-DNA PCR testing
Which of the following is a way to prevent HIV infection for people at risk of getting it?
Pre-exposure prophylaxis
Test your knowledge on the targeting of HIV in vivo and the role of macrophages and CD4 cells. Learn about the reservoir present in memory cells during HIV infection and the use of antivirals like Maraviroc. Take the quiz now!
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