History of Quebec & Canada (1450-1650)

The principle that the government is responsible to the elected representatives of the people. It was tested in 1849 when Governor Elgin did not veto the Rebellion Losses Bill, despite opposition from English members.

This period was marked by political instability with frequent changes in government. Ten different governments served between 1854 and 1864.

This refers to the requirement for a government to have a majority of votes in both the English and French assemblies to pass laws. It led to political deadlock because it was difficult to achieve a majority across both groups.

A political alliance formed in 1864 by John A. Macdonald, George-Etienne Cartier, and George Brown. They proposed a union of all British colonies in North America.

The process of integrating different colonies into a single country with a unified system of government and borders. Canada's Confederation involved the joining of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.

A system where power is shared between different levels of government: Federal - responsible for national issues, and Provincial - responsible for local issues.

A landmark legal document passed in 1867 that established Canada as a federation, outlining its government structure and the division of powers between the federal and provincial levels.

The term used to refer to Canada as a newly formed country after Confederation. This signified the formation of a united nation with its own constitution.

A wave of immigration to Canada in the 19th century brought challenges like overcrowding, competition for jobs, and disease outbreaks.

To help control the spread of diseases among immigrants, a medical screening center was established on Grosse Isle in 1832.

Economic hardships and limited opportunities in Canada led many people to seek a better life in the United States.

Opening up new agricultural land in the Laurentians, Saguenay, and Outaouais aimed to encourage Canadians to stay and build their lives in Canada.

Despite efforts, the colonization program faced challenges like difficult land clearing, harsh climate, and low crop yields.

After Confederation, Canada actively promoted immigration from Europe to settle the western territories, offering free land.

Canada favoured immigrants from the British Isles and eastern Europe, contributing to the rapid growth of western Canada.

To make land available for European immigrants, many Indigenous tribes were forced onto reservations, creating tensions between settlers and Indigenous people.

A movement within the Catholic Church during the 1840s-1880s, advocating for strengthening papal authority and traditional values.

The bishop of Montreal from 1840 to 1876, a key figure in promoting Ultramontanism in Quebec.

A philosophy emphasizing traditional values like large families, farming, French language, and Catholicism. It was used to preserve Quebecois identity and culture.

The separation of Church and State, where religion is not involved in government.

The freedom to express one's opinions and beliefs without fear of censorship.

Areas set aside for Indigenous peoples to live, established in Canadian history to promote assimilation.

A rebellion led by Louis Riel in 1869, aimed at achieving self-determination for the Métis people.

A Canadian law passed in 1876 designed to assimilate Indigenous peoples by restricting their rights and customs.

The Act of Union combined Upper Canada (Canada West) and Lower Canada (Canada East) into one single colony, known as United Province of Canada. It aimed to promote assimilation of the Canadiens and was based on the Durham Report of 1839.

The Reformers, led by Robert Baldwin and Louis H. Lafontaine, advocated for French as an official language, economic development, and the abolition of the Seigneurial System.

John A. MacDonald, Alexander Mackenzie, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Sir Robert Borden, R.B. Bennett, William Lyon Mackenzie-King, Pierre E. Trudeau, Brian Mulroney, Jean Chretien, Stephen Harper, and Justin Trudeau. Each Prime Minister played a significant role in shaping the political landscape and the identity of Canada.

Honore Mercier, Adelard Godbout, Maurice Duplessis, Jean Lesage, Robert Bourassa, Rene Levesque, Jacques Parizeau, Lucien Bouchard, Bernard Landry, Jean Charest, Pauline Marois, Philippe Couillard, and Francois Legault. These leaders have shaped the political climate and the identity of Quebec.

The Fathers of Confederation were a group of influential leaders, including John A. Macdonald, George-Étienne Cartier, and others, who played a central role in negotiating and establishing the Canadian Confederation in 1867.

The Canada Act of 1791 divided British North America into Lower Canada (French-speaking) and Upper Canada (English-speaking). This division ultimately led to tensions and conflicts between the two regions.

Louis Riel was a Métis leader who played a pivotal role in the Red River Resistance and the North-West Rebellion. He was a pivotal figure in the history of Canada.

A system of government that granted the colony more autonomy by giving the elected assembly the power to appoint ministers who were responsible for governing. However, the governor still retained the power to veto laws.

A policy passed after rebellions in Lower Canada that granted amnesty to the Patriotes and provided compensation to those who suffered losses during the rebellions. This angered English Canadians.

A significant change in Canadian politics as it gave French the same status as English at the assembly, promoting equality and inclusivity.

A conference held to discuss the formation of a union between the Maritime provinces. Representatives from Canada West and Canada East joined the meeting and proposed the idea of Confederation, leading to a new plan to unite all of them.

The final proposal for Confederation that established a federal system with the following key elements: - One federal government and multiple provincial governments - Maintaining ties to Great Britain - The Governor General representing the British Crown

A high tariff levied on goods imported from other counties, making domestic products more affordable and competitive, and encouraging the growth of Canadian industries.

A major infrastructure project aiming to connect British Columbia with the rest of Canada through a railway network. This would boost trade, settlement in the west, and strengthen national unity.

The primary goal of the National Policy was to promote economic development and national unity through increased trade and settlement.

The belief that the best and most traditional way of life is based in farm work.

Curé Antoine Labelle promoted a return to agricultural/rural way of life during the first phase of industrialization.

The belief that only the Catholic Church could protect French Canadian identity.

The first phase of industrialization in Canada involved various factories producing goods like shoes, textiles, clothing, and food. These factories were often built next to canals for transportation.

The main source of investment for the first phase of industrialization in Canada was from Britain.

Working conditions in factories during Canada's first phase of industrialization were terrible. Workers, including women and children, toiled long hours for little pay. Women and children were often chosen for their obedience to authority. Unions were discouraged, and workers faced harsh consequences for organizing.

The mechanization of agriculture led to urbanization. Farmers unable to sustain their families moved to cities like Montreal and Quebec City or emigrated to the US to find work in factories.

The government and the Catholic Church encouraged the colonization of farmlands in Northern Quebec to keep people from leaving the province. This was known as recolonization and was linked to the idea of agriculturalism.