History Sec 4 Review Part 0 PDF

# History of Quebec & Canada - Secondary 4 - Final Exam Study Guide ## Key Prime Ministers of Canada - John A. Macdonald (1867-1873; 1878-1891) - Alexander Mackenzie (1874-1878) - Sir Wilfrid Laurier (1896-1911) - Sir Robert Borden (1911-1920) - R.B. Bennett (1930-1935) - William Lyon Mackenzie-Ki...

# History of Quebec & Canada - Secondary 4 - Final Exam Study Guide ## Key Prime Ministers of Canada - John A. Macdonald (1867-1873; 1878-1891) - Alexander Mackenzie (1874-1878) - Sir Wilfrid Laurier (1896-1911) - Sir Robert Borden (1911-1920) - R.B. Bennett (1930-1935) - William Lyon Mackenzie-King (1921-1926; 1926-1930; 1935-1948) - Pierre E. Trudeau (1968-1979; 1980-1984) - Brian Mulroney (1984-1993) - Jean Chretien (1993-2003) - Stephen Harper (2006-2015) - Justin Trudeau (2015- ) ## Key Premiers of Quebec - Honore Mercier (1887-1891) - Adelard Godbout (1939-1944) - Maurice Duplessis (1936-1939; 1944-1959) - Jean Lesage (1960-1966) - Robert Bourassa (1970-1976; 1985-1994) - Rene Levesque (1976-1985) - Jacques Parizeau (1994-1996) - Lucien Bouchard (1996-2001) - Bernard Landry (2001-2003) - Jean Charest (2003-2012) - Pauline Marois (2012-2014) - Philippe Couillard (2014-2018) - Francois Legault (2018-) # The Formation of the Canadian Federal System (1840-1896) ## The Fathers of Confederation The maps below depict British North America at a major turning point in its history: - **Canada Act, 1791** A map of British North America with Lower Canada and Upper Canada separated by the Ottawa River. - **Act of Union 1840** A map of British North America showing Lower Canada and Upper Canada united as one single colony called United Province of Canada. ## 1.29 Louis Riel, circa 1873 A portrait showing Louis Riel ## Baldwin-Lafontaine Alliance (“The Reformers”) - Canada East & West worked together. - Reformed the government (took 10 years). ## Act of Union 1840 Based on the Durham Report 1839, London united Upper Canada (Canada West) and Lower Canada (Canada East) into one single colony: - Named United Province of Canada. - Established one elected Assembly comprised of 84 members (42 vs 42). - Aimed to assimilate the Canadiens. ## Alliance of Reformers Robert Baldwin and Louis H. Lafontaine cooperated to make French an official language, promoted economic development (canal & railway construction) & abolished the Seigneurial System in 1854 allowing Canadiens to own seigneuries (farm land). ## Responsible Government (Ministerial Responsibility) Responsibility was granted by London in 1848: - Executive Council members were to be chosen from the Assembly. - Governor could only veto laws that went against the Mother Country. Responsible Government was first tested in 1849 when Governor Elgin did not veto the Rebellion Losses Bill adopted by Baldwin and Lafontaine in the Assembly - despite opposition from English members (Tories). ## Towards Confederation Starting in the 1850s, the United Province of Canada proved to be ungovernable: - Unstable governments between 1854 and 1864 ("10 in 10"). - Alliance of Reformers split into moderate and radical parties - Conservative/Parti Bleu and the Clear Grit/Parti Rouge. - Double Majority rule resulted in political deadlock (since political parties failed to establish a majority in the Assembly, laws could not be passed). - Upper Canada demanded Rep by Pop (proposed by George Brown of the Clear Grit party). - Lower Canada (Parti Rouge and Parti Bleu) wanted autonomy. ## The Great Coalition 1864-66 John A. Macdonald (Conservative), George-Etienne Cartier (Parti Bleu) and Geo: Brown (Clear Grit) proposed a union of all British colonies in North America. A.A. Dorion (Parti Rouge) opposed such a union fearing assimilation of the Canadiens. The Confederation proposal was in response to Political Deadlock, Manifest Destiny, Fenian Raids and American cancellation of the Reciprocity Treaty in 1866. ## Confederation July 1, 1867 Three conferences were organized -Charlottetown Sept. 1864, Quebec City Oct. 1864 where 72 Resolutions were adopted & London 1866. ## British North America Act (BNA) Established a country comprised of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. ## Dominion of Canada Dominion of Canada would have two levels of government having specific powers (jurisdictions): - **Sec. 91 (federal)** covers banking, military, taxes, immigration, natural resources, residuary & disallowance. - **Sec. 92 (provincial)** covers education, health and social services, taxes, immigration, natural resources. Confederation united several former British colonies into one country with borders, established its own constitution (BNA Act), and its citizens had the benefit of provincial autonomy from the federal government. ## Federalism A political system in which power is divided between two levels of government: - A federal government (central government) - Provincial governments. ## Federal Powers - Banks & money (trade, customs, tariffs) - Army & Defense - Aboriginal Affairs - Fisheries - Postal Service - Criminal Law - Census - Residual Powers (left-overs like aviation, environment, etc.) ## Provincial Powers - Local Issues - Health & Welfare - Marriage & Divorce - Social Services - Education - Status of Women - Property Law - Licenses - Roads - Natural resources ## Federal-Provincial Relations Disagreements erupted over federal interference in provincial areas of jurisdiction as defined in Sec. 92 of the BNA Act. ## Quebec Quebec in particular demanded more autonomy within Canada: - Quebec Premier Honore Mercier (1887-1891) organized the first Interprovincial Conference in 1887 (opposed federal taxing powers and the disallowance power); - He defended the rights of Francophones to have Catholic instruction in New Brunswick (1871) and in Manitoba (1890); - Supported Louis Riel. ## 1:26 Honoré Mercier, premier of Québec from 1887 to 1891. A portrait showing Honoré Mercier. ## Free Trade Policy 1846 Britain ended mercantilism and its preferential tariffs for the colonies in favour of the liberal economic policy of free trade. Up until 1846, British colonies were protected against foreign competition for its products and resources. ## Canadian merchants sought a new market. In 1854 the United Province of Canada signed the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States: - Timber and wheat could be exported to the U.S. free of customs duties (border taxes); - Lumber industry experienced growth in the Outaouais, Mauricie and Saguenay regions. - Farms experienced growth in oats, potatoes and wheat exports. # 1st Phase of Industrialization 1850-1896 During this phase, coal (steam power) was the main source of energy for mass industrial production of goods while Britain remained a major investor in Canada. ## Increase construction of trains and railway lines Increase construction of trains and railway lines to facilitate the movement of goods. ## Factories were established in urban centers Factories were established in urban centers focusing on textiles, shoes, tobacco, cheese and butter production. ## Urbanization increased as people left the rural areas Urbanization increased as people left the rural areas to find jobs in factories, which were often characterized by: - Poor working and living conditions - High infant mortality rates - Lack of indoor plumbing and sewers - Exploitation of children, men and women in factories # Agricultural Sector After 1870 farmers increasingly turned to dairy production (milk, butter, cheese, cream). ## Premier Honore Mercier with the support of the Catholic Church Premier Honore Mercier with the support of the Catholic Church established Agricultural Schools and provided financial assistance to farmers for the mechanization of farms (introduction of machines to increase yields): - The State and the Church promoted the benefits of Agriculturalism as a means to protect the culture of the Canadiens. ## Industrialists & The State Business people and the State maintained a close relationship: - State awarded contracts to companies to build railways, canals, bridges, sewers, roads, water treatment facilities... - Companies received subsidies (financial assistance) and tax breaks. ## Pacific Scandal 1873 Pacific Scandal 1873 forced Prime Minister Macdonald to resign after it was revealed that a railway company had contributed $350,000 to his Conservative party's re-election in 1872. ## Alexander Mackenzie (Liberal Party) Alexander Mackenzie (Liberal Party) was elected Prime Minister (1874-1878). # The National Policy 1879 Promoted by Prime Minister John A. Macdonald in response to the economic recession of 1870s. ## Policy had three elements: - Immigration and settlement of western Canada (free land was offered to settlers); - Railway (CPR) across Canada; - Tariff (tax or custom duties) on U.S. products in order to protect Canadian producers and workers. # Immigration Policy 1800-1850 Lower Canada experienced the arrival of immigrants from the British Isles at the start of the 19th century due to: - Napoleonic Wars 1806-1814 between Britain and France - Poverty and overpopulation in England and Scotland - Irish Potato Famine 1847 All three factors led to thousands of English-speaking people to emigrate to Lower Canada, settling mostly in Montreal, Quebec City and the Eastern Townships. ## Consequences of Immigration Overcrowding in urban centers, increased competition between Francophones and English-speaking immigrants for factory jobs, and the outbreak of diseases (cholera & typhus) leading to thousands of deaths in Montreal and Quebec City. ## State authorities established a medical and treatment center State authorities established a medical and treatment center for screening immigrants at Grosse lle (first opened in 1832). ## Emigration to the U.S. 1830-1890s Over 400,000 Canadians left for the U.S. in search of employment in factories due to: - Agricultural Crisis (drought, soil depletion, over-population on the seigneuries); - Lack of available agricultural lands in the St. Lawrence region; - Competition with recent immigrants for jobs in the urban factory system and the logging industry. # New Areas of Colonization To encourage Canadians not to emigrate to the United States, the State and Catholic Church adopted a colonization program: - Agricultural lands were opened up in the Laurentians, Saguenay & Outaouais. - Premier Honore Mercier and parish priest Antoine Labelle promoted the idea of agriculturalism (belief in family values, farming, Catholicism and the French language). ## The colonization program achieved only limited success The colonization program achieved only limited success explained in part by difficult conditions: clearing the land, harsh climate, low crop yields. # Immigration Policy 1867-1896 After achieving Confederation in 1867, a main objective of the federal government was to secure the land in western Canada known as Rupert's Land: - Canadian Prime Ministers John A. Macdonald (1867-1890) and later Wilfrid Laurier (1896-1911) advertised in Europe offering free land. - Immigration laws favoured Europeans from the British Isles (England, Scotland, Ireland) and eastern Europe (Ukraine, Russia, Poland). - Over 1 million people settled in western Canada, resulting in the creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905. ## During this period, many Amerindian tribes were forced unto reservations During this period, many Amerindian tribes were forced unto reservations in order to free up land for immigrants. ## Others challenged (Louis Riel and the Metis) the government's immigration & settlement policy. Others challenged (Louis Riel and the Metis) the government's immigration & settlement policy. # Ultramontanism 1840-1880s Catholic Church led by Bishop Ignace Bourget promoted Catholic teachings based on the words and authority of the Pope. ## Strong supporter of traditional values Strong supporter of traditional values such as large families, farming, French language and Catholicism in order to protect the National Survival of the Canadiens. ## The Church ran hospitals, schools, charities and was active in politics The Church ran hospitals, schools, charities and was active in politics. ## The Church increased its membership During this period, the Church increased its membership (more priests, more religious orders, more classical colleges and universities). ## Church was suspicious of liberal ideas Church was suspicious of liberal ideas such secularism (separation of Church and State) and freedom of expression: - Church authorities excommunicated people who supported liberalism. - Institut Canadien was shut down because its newspaper advanced anti-clericalism (it simply opposed the strong influence of the Church in all aspects of Quebec society). # Aboriginals In order to protect their language, culture and lands, Amerindians have often been in conflict with the objectives of the State: - Bagot Commission (1844) led to the first reserves in 1851 which aimed to assimilate the Amerindians through sedentarization. - Louis Riel and the Metis led the successful Red River Rebellion in 1869 (Manitoba) but failed in the Northwest Rebellion in 1885 (Saskatchewan). - Indian Act 1876 and Residential Schools in the 1880s aimed at forced assimilation. ## 1.45 Monseigneur Ignace Bourget (1799-1885), bishop of Montréal from 1840 to 1876, passionately promoted ultramontane values. A portrait showing Monseigneur Ignace Bourget. ## Role of Women At the end of the 19th century, women were considered “minors” in the eyes of the law: - Women could not act without the consent of the father or husband. - Women had neither the right to vote nor the right to run for elected office. ## Most women in Quebec worked on the family farm Most women in Quebec worked on the family farm. Those who worked outside the home had limited choices: worker in a textile, shoe or tobacco factory, domestic servant, and teacher. ## Others opted to join a religious community Others opted to join a religious community that ran charitable organizations, hospitals, shelters, and orphanages. ## Early feminists started demanding the right to vote and access to university studies Early feminists started demanding the right to vote and access to university studies: - McGill University opened its doors to women in 1884. - Felicite Angers (pen name Laure Conan) published a novel in 1884 - considered to be the first female French Canadian novelist. ## 1:44 Lady Aberdeen (1857-1939) A portrait showing Lady Aberdeen. # Chapter 1 Quick Recall ## Responsible Government (1848) - Gave the colony ministerial responsibility (more autonomy). - System still not completely democratic. Governor Lord Elgin keeps veto power, but promises not to use it. - Prime Minister and cabinet became answerable to an elected assembly rather than a monarch (king/queen) ## Rebellion Losses Bill Rebellion Losses Bill passes at the Assembly. Upset English Canadians. - Amnesty given to Patriotes following rebellions. - Law compensating victims of the rebellions. ## English no longer the only official language at the Assembly English no longer the only official language at the Assembly. ## French now also permitted French now also permitted. # Charlottetown Conference (1864) - Maritime provinces planned to form a union at the meeting. - Canada East & West invited themselves to propose the idea of Confederation ## The proposal for Confederation was accepted The proposal for Confederation was accepted & all planned to meet again in Quebec. # Quebec Conference (1864) - Drafted final proposal for Confederation to be sent to London. - Proposal: 72 Resolutions revolved around a Federal System of government (one federal government & many provincial governments). - Maintained ties to Great Britain. - Governor General would represent the British Crown. # London Conference (1866) - 72 Resolutions presented to British Parliament by Brown & Macdonald in London. ## London agrees London agrees to the idea of Confederation. 1867 # The Three Main Objectives of the National Policy: - Protective Tariffs: A policy of high tariffs or duties (taxes) on imports. This protected domestic manufacturers since it made imports more expensive. - Transcontinental Railway: To complete construction of a transcontinental railway in order to link British Columbia with the rest of the country, to encourage east-west trade, and to accelerate the settlement of Canada's west. - Immigration: Government encouraged the arrival of large numbers of immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe to settle the western part of Canada and to provide a workforce for industry. # The execution of Thomas Scott, 1870 This image is from the English-language newspaper, the Canadian Illustrated News. In Ontario, Scott's execution was perceived as a murder for which Louis Riel was responsible. In the summer of 1870, after the creation of Manitoba, the Canadian government sent soldiers there, in part to calm Anglophones in Ontario. With the soldiers approaching, Louis Riel fled to the United States, where he remained in exile for a few months. # The Church & Currents of Thought (late 19th century) ## Agriculturalism The belief that the best and most traditional way of life is based in farm work. ## Curé Antoine Labelle Curé Antoine Labelle promoted a return to agricultural/rural way of life during the first phase of industrialization. ## Survival Nationalism The belief that only the Catholic Church could protect French Canadian identity. ## Promoted a very traditional way of life Promoted a very traditional way of life- Catholic faith, French culture & language, Farming/rural life, Traditional family structure (Man = head of family). # First Phase of Industrialization ## Types of Industry: Factories - Shoes, textiles, clothing, food processing, etc. - Built next to canals. ## Types of Energy Used: - Coal ## Main Source of Investment: - British ## Working conditions: terrible - Men, women and children were a source of cheap labour. Women and children were hired due to their obedience to authority. - Long 60-70 hour work week - Beginning of trade unions (workers were beaten or fired if caught starting one.) ## Mechanization of Agriculture Leads to Urbanization: - Machines were expensive & reduced the need for manpower. - Farmers who were unable to support their families moved to Montreal, Québec or chose to emigrate to cities in the United States to work in factories. # Recolonization To keep people from moving away from Québec, the government & Catholic Church encouraged the colonization of farmlands in Northern Québec (agriculturalism). ## Church claimed that farming would bring people “closer to God” Church claimed that farming would bring people “closer to God”. ## Areas chosen for recolonization were not suitable for agriculture Areas chosen for recolonization were not suitable for agriculture. ## Farmers encouraged to adopt dairy farming to increase profits Farmers encouraged to adopt dairy farming to increase profits. # The liberals questioned the honesty of the prime minister, who denied having asked... for money... (The) liberals questioned the honesty of the prime minister, who denied having asked... for money... Suspicion was renewed when the opposition made public a telegram¹ from Macdonald to the lawyer [of a director of the company]: "... I must have another ten thousand; will be the last time of calling; do not fail me; answer today." ## Federal election of January 22, 1874 - **Liberal** - Alexander Mackenzie - 133 members - 53.8% of the vote - **Conservative** - John A. Macdonald - 73 members - 45.4% of the vote