History Class: Magellan Expedition Quiz

HISTORY - Unit One

• "Historia" in ancient Greek means "Learning through Inquiry."
• History is the study of past events and a chronological record of significant events, including explanations of their causes.
• Aristotle created a systematic account of natural phenomena.
• "Kasaysayan" is an important narrative for groups of people, characterized by uniqueness and identity.
• History demonstrates what humans have done and reveals the nature of humanity.
• Key takeaways about history, according to Peter Stearns (1998):
  • contributing to moral understanding
  • understanding of people and societies
  • providing identity
  • being essential for good citizenship

REPOSITORIES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES - Philippine Depositories

• National Library of the Philippines (General & Rare collections on PH history)
• Archives of the University of Santo Tomas (Education-related records, Spanish period)
• National Archives of the Philippines (Government-related records, Spanish period)
• Archdiocesan Archives of Manila (Church affairs)
• Manila Observatory Archives (Weather disturbances, conditions)
• SIL Philippines (Ethnic groups)
• Archives of the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Documents of CICM missionaries, Northern Luzon)
• University of the Philippines Main Library
• Ateneo de Manila University's Rizal Library
• Historical Collection of the United States
• De La Salle University Libraries

SPANISH DEPOSITORIES

• Archivo General de Indias (Seville)
• Archivo Historico Nacional (Madrid)
• Museo Naval de la Ministerio de Marina (Madrid)
• Real Academia de la Historia (Madrid)
• Biblioteca Nacional de Espana (Madrid)
• Archivo de Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores (Madrid)

MEXICAN DEPOSITORY

• Due to its historical ties to the Viceroyalty of New Spain, many sources exist in the Archivo General de la Nación de México.

BRITISH DEPOSITORY

• Some historical sources made their way to the British Museum due to brief British occupation (1762-1764).

AMERICAN DEPOSITORIES

• National Archives and Records Service (NARS)
• Library of Congress (Washington D.C.)
• Ayer Collection of the Newberry Library (Chicago, Illinois)
• Lily Library (Bloomington, Indiana)
• Harvard University
• Standford University
• University of Michigan

CLASSIFICATION OF HISTORICAL SOURCES

• Sources from the past are classified as:
  • Relics
  • Remains
  • Testimonies of witnesses
  • Artifacts
  • Ecofacts
  • Fossils

MAIN TYPES OF WRITTEN SOURCES

• Primary Source: A first-hand account from an eyewitness or participant. Examples include diaries, letters, audio recordings.

• Secondary Source: An account from someone who wasn't present at the event. These are typically scholarly articles, textbooks.

  UNWRITTEN SOURCES

• Archeological Evidence: Artifacts and ecofacts used in determining cultural background

• Oral Evidence: Folk tales, myths, legends, songs, and rituals.

• Material Evidence: Photographs, artwork, videos, and sound recordings

METHOD [OF HISTORY]

• A thorough examination and critical analysis of past records to determine historical accuracy
• Method for reconstructing historical data through testing and validation

HISTORIOGRAPHY

• The process used to construct historical narratives through analysis of tested historical data.

EXTERNAL CRITICISM

• A preliminary form of criticism focusing on the authenticity of sources and distinguishing real records from hoaxes and false claims.

INTERNAL CRITICISM

• A more in-depth form of criticism focusing on verifying the credibility or trustworthiness of sources. Historians must act as prosecutor, judge, and jury. The historian must be able to discern:
  • "Ano?" (What?)
  • "Bakit?" (Why?)
  • Consistency with other information?
  • Capability of source to support their claims?

KATIPUNAN AND THE REVOLUTION: MEMOIRS OF A GENERAL (1992) - SANTIAGO V. ALVAREZ - Identity

• Born in Cavite, 1872
• Magdiwang Council
• Son of Mariano Alvarez and cousin of Pascual Alvarez
• Participated in battles including Noveleta, Dalahican, Maragondon, Magallanes, Alfonso, Silang, Imus, and coastal towns of Naic and Tanza.
• Earned the titles "Nom de Guerre," "Kidlat ng Apoy" and "Kapitan Apoy."
• Enrolled at University of Santo Tomas (UST) and transferred to San Juan de Letran; obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree and studied law at Liceo de Manila.
• Took part in reorganization of the Nacionalista Party

THE BOOK AND ITS CONTENT - SANTIAGO V. ALVAREZ

• Published in 1992 by Ateneo de Manila University.
• Includes personal accounts and observations of a general during the Philippine Revolution, including events before the outbreak of the revolution, the activities of the Katipunan, the election of officials at Tejeros, and events after the death of Bonifacio.

THE REVOLT OF THE MASSES - TEODORO A. AGONCILLO

• Author of numerous books and articles on Philippine History and Literature.
• Author of books such as History of the Filipino People, Malolos (The Crisis of the Republic), and The Vargas-Laurel Collaboration Case.
• Earned his Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy from the University of the Philippines in 1934 and obtained a Master's degree in 1935.
• Taught at Far Eastern University and Manuel L. Quezon University.
• Served as chairman and teacher at the Department of History at the University of the Philippines.
• Was named the National Scientist of the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos.

OBJECTIVITY AND SUBJECTIVITY

• Historical facts are derived from testimony, thus have meanings.
• Historical accounts are symbolic, lacking objective reality and are often debated.
• Objectivity = Acquiring detached and truthful knowledge independent of individual reactions outside of the human mind.
• Subjectivity = Based upon personal considerations and opinions (potentially untrue or biased).

MISINFORMATION, DISINFORMATION, AND MALINFORMATION

• Misinformation: The person disseminating the information believes it's true, but it's false
• Disinformation: The person knows the information is false and deliberatly spreads it
• Malinformation: Based on reality, but intended with harming another person, organization or country.

THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD - ANTONIO PIGAFETTA

• Lived between 1491 and 1531.
• Italian scholar, explorer, and chronicler of the Magellan Expedition.
• One of 18 crew members to survive the expedition.

LAUNCHING

• Set sail from Seville, Spain, on August 10, 1519.
• Actual voyage commenced on September 20, 1519.
• Five ships comprised the fleet, with over 270 members.
• Reached west African coast before the Atlantic crossing.
• Explored parts of South America. Spanish mutiny occurred among captains.

A YEAR IN

• Magellan discovered the Strait of Magellan on October 21, 1520; linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
• Three ships completed the crossing.
• Crew faced hardships during the Pacific crossing. (consuming leather, mice, sawdust)
• Crew replenished supplies in Guam on March 6, 1521 ("Island of Sails").

ARRIVAL

• Arrived in Samar on March 16, 1521, naming the islands the Archipelago of St. Lazarus.
• Met with local rulers of Butuan and Caraga (Rajah Siagu and Rajah Colambu) in Homonhon and Masao.
• Blood compact made with Rajah Colambu on 27 March, 1521.
• A mass was held, and a cross was erected on March 31, 1521

BATTLE OF MACTAN

• Lapu-Lapu of Mactan refused Spanish authority.
• Magellan engaged in battle against Lapu-Lapu and his forces, resulting in Magellan's death near Mactan
• 49 men attacked the forces of Lapu-Lapu on April 27, 1521.
• Magellan was killed.

AFTER THE BETRAYAL AND THE DEATH OF MAGELLAN

• Remaining crew members set sail for Spain on different routes.
• Victory ship returned to Spain on September 6, 1522, with only 18 surviving crew members.

CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS - FRAY JUAN DE PLASENCIA

• Written by Fray Juan de Plasencia in 1589.
• Includes customs, such as dowries ("bigay-kaya"), systems of administration of justice, and details about the dato, chief, of a village.

LIFE IN THE PHILIPPINES

• Filipinos had a well-developed system before colonization by the Spanish.
• Filipinos had their own customs and beliefs.

CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS

• Explains pre-colonial systems: administration, government, social classes, inheritance (slaves, dowry)
• Explains Filipino customs in the pre-colonial period.

SLAVE STATUS

• Achieved through various means, not limited to the Dato. (crime, mistake, lack of responsibility)
• Categories of slaves ("Aliping Namamahay," "Aliping Saguiguilir")
• Slave status could be inherited or acquired, such as the capture in battle or by committing crimes.

DOWRIES (BIGAY-KAYA)

• Included jewelry, land, or wealth as property in dowry.
• Dowries depended on circumstances, such as social status. ("Himara," "Panghihimuyut," "Bigay-Suso")

ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE

• Justice system varied locally; different procedures followed by the Dato.
• If two chiefs fought, the process varied; in certain cases, a judge arbitrated the situation.

PENALTIES

• Death sentence administered to those showing disrespect towards Dato's wife/children. Witchcraft was also punishable by death.
• Fines in gold for other offenses; if not paid, the person could work to pay off the debt.
• If fines were impossible, then the debtor became a slave. Debt was inheritable and could be doubled if the debt wasn't paid.

INHERITANCE

• Inheritance usually fell to the children of the father and mother.
• Social standing played a role in inheritances for children. "Legitimate" children were privileged over others in certain circumstances.

AFTER MARRIAGE

• Customs regarding marriage in terms of dowry and where children resided were based on the social standing or status of parents.

WORSHIP OF THE TAGALOGS

• Details specific rituals and ceremonies from the Tagalog people.
• Temple locations, idols (Bathala, Dian Masalanta, Lacapati & Idianale).

IDOLS

• Importance of Bathala as the creator deity.
• Dian Masalanta, goddess associated with love.
• Lacapati and Idianale, deities associated with fertility and husbandry.
• Tigmamanuguin

CATOLONAN, MANGAGAUAY, MANYISALAT, MANCOCOLAM, HOCLOBAN, SILAGAN, MAGTATANGAL AND OSUANG

• Descriptions of different types of figures or practitioners in Tagalog traditions for healing or harming, or deities
• Categories of witches and their roles in society.

SONAT, PANGATAHOJAN, BAYOGUIN

• Descriptions and functions of various figures or practitioners in Tagalog traditions for spiritual guidance or soothsaying.

ANDRES BONIFACIO

• Founding father of the Katipunan.
• Known as the "Pangulo ng Haring Bayang Katagalugan" and the "Supremo ng Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan.
• Born November 30, 1863, and from Tondo, Manila.
• Known for his leadership as an icon of Philippine history, politics, and leadership.

REPORMA SA EDUKASYON, PAGKAMATAY NG AMA AT INA, BUHAY NI ANDRES

• Discussion of educational reforms under Spanish colonialism in 1863.
• Overview of Bonifacio's early life, death of parents, and subsequent struggle.

PANAHON NG ESPANYA, SISTEMANG ENCOMIENDA

• Details about the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, including the encomienda system of land distribution (grants).
• The influence of Spanish policies on Philippine culture and society.

SISTEMANG HASYENDA / HACIENDA

• Land-holding system in the Philippines.
• Influential figures, such as Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, who were early governors-general of the Philippines.

IMPLUWENSIYA NG KASTILA HANGGANG NGAYON

• Examination of lasting colonial influences (Spanish traditions, beliefs, systems of government).

VISUAL SOURCES

• Subject: Visual source's topic.
• Facts: Factual information portrayed or implied.
• Context: The historical era or surrounding circumstances of the visual source.
• Intended Observers/Audience: Who was the intended audience for the visual source?
• Purpose: The photographer/creator's intent.

DISTINCTION OF VISUAL SOURCES

• Photograph: Minute and exact portrayal of reality.
• Painting: Artist's interpretation and impression of reality.
• Caricature: Grotesque representation.
• Videography: Recording of actual events (or possibly the events of a particular time period).

KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN - EMILIO JACINTO

• Description of the Katipunan and its influential leader.
• Information about the author and the book's origins.

MGA ARAL

• Collection of historical stories and teachings from the Katipunan
• Written and used as a guide for people following the Katipunan belief system.

Test your knowledge on the Magellan Expedition and the classification of historical sources. From primary sources to the challenges faced during the journey, this quiz covers essential aspects of history and historiography. See how well you understand the significant events and figures involved in this landmark voyage.