FINAL RIPH REVIEWER PDF

UNIT ONE (1) HISTORY - “Historia” in ancient greek = “Learning through Inquiry” - Study of past events - Chronological record of significant events including explanation of their causes - Aristotle = a systematic account of a set of natural phenomena - Zeus Salazar = Kasay...

UNIT ONE (1) HISTORY - “Historia” in ancient greek = “Learning through Inquiry” - Study of past events - Chronological record of significant events including explanation of their causes - Aristotle = a systematic account of a set of natural phenomena - Zeus Salazar = Kasaysayan is an essential narrative with to a group of people characterized by uniqueness and identity Even with no document, history can still exist (Don’t believe in “No document, No history) RELEVANCE OF HISTORY It teaches people what they have done and thus what man is (Collingwood 1976). Enumerated by Peter stearns (1998): Contributes to moral understanding Helps us understand people and societies Provides identity Essential for good citizenship REPOSITORIES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES PHILIPPINE DEPOSITORIES National Library of the Philippines (General & Rare collections on PH history) Archives of the University of Santo Tomas (Education-related records in spanish period) National Archives of the Philippines (Government-related records in spanish period) Archdiocesan Archives of Manila (Church affairs) Manila Observatory Archives (Weather disturbances and conditions) SIL Philippines (Ethnic groups) Archives of the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Documents of CICM missionaries in Northern Luzon) Others include: University of the Philippines Main Library Ateneo de Manila University’s Rizal Library Historical Collection of the United States De La Salle University Libraries SPANISH DEPOSITORIES Archivo General de Indias (Seville) Archivo Historico Nacional (Madrid) Museo Naval de la Ministerio de Marina (Madrid) Real Academia de la Historia (Madrid) Biblioteca Nacional de Espana (Madrid) Archivo de Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores (Madrid) Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte launched Portal de Archivos Espanoles (PARES) = Free access to digitized copies of documents and other sources found in Spanish archives. MEXICAN DEPOSITORY - Due to the country being once part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain situated in Mexico, a multitude number of sources could be in the Archivo General de la Nacion de Mexico BRITISH DEPOSITORY - Due to the brief occupation of the British (1762 - 1764), some historical sources made its way to the British museum. AMERICAN DEPOSITORIES National Archives and Records Service (NARS) Library of Congress (Washington D.C.) Ayer Collection of the Newberry Library (Chicago, Illinois) Lily Library (Bloomington, Indiana) Harvard University Standford University University of Michigan CLASSIFICATION OF HISTORICAL SOURCES Sources are defined as artifacts that have been left by the past. They exist as 3 classifications: 1. Relics 2. Remains 3. Testimonies of witnesses Artifacts - Those made / given shape by humans be it tools for work or work of art Ecofacts - Natural remains of humans Fossils - Remains that are preserved by natural causes such as petrification MAIN TYPES OF WRITTEN SOURCES PRIMARY SOURCE - A testimony of an eyewitness or of a witness of any other sense that was present at the events of which they tell Diaries, Audio recordings, Artifacts, Letters, Newspaper articles, Documents SECONDARY SOURCE - A testimony of an eyewitness who was not directly present at the events of which they tell Bibliographies, commentaries, annotations, dictionaries, encyclopedias, journal articles, magazines, monographs, and textbooks UNWRITTEN SOURCE - Are separated into 3 parts A. Archeological Evidence - Artifacts and Ecofacts that help in determining the culture of the area they were found in B. Oral Evidence - Folk tales, Myths, Legends, Folk songs, and rituals that might contain information about the culture of the people who created them C. Material Evidence - Photographs, Art works, Videos, and Sound recordings. METHOD [OF HISTORY] - The process of thoroughly examining and critically analyzing records of the past with specific rules so that the said past can be determined whether it happened or not. HISTORIOGRAPHY - The actual process of reconstructing historical data that has been tested by the method. Synthesizing of historical data into a narrative or discourse EXTERNAL CRITICISM: THE TEST OF AUTHENTICITY A lower form of criticism. It is done in order to determine the genuineness of sources and is necessary to determine real accounts from hoax stories or false claims on documents Sources are fabricated in order to justify the supposed occurrence of events. Sino? Paano? Saan at Kailan? INTERNAL CRITICISM: THE TEST OF CREDIBILITY A higher form of criticism. The historian must play the roles of a prosecutor, attorney, judge, and jury all in one. For a source to be regarded credible, the historian must b able to discern the following: Ano? Bakit? Consistent ba ito sa nilalaman? Kaya ba nitong mapanindigan ang kanyang sinasabi? 1. Competence of the source in telling the truth 2. Willingness of a source in telling the truth 3. Adequacy of data relayed by the source 4. Reliability of the source when corroborated by other independent sources Independent source - derived its information from the occurrence of the event itself and did not rely on extrinsic informants for its information. KATIPUNAN AND THE REVOLUTION: MEMOIRS OF A GENERAL (1992) SANTIAGO V. ALVAREZ Identity: - Born in Cavite 1872 - Magdiwang Council - Son of Mariano Alvarez and cousin of Pascual Alvarez Military background: - Participated in the Battle of Noveleta in 1896, Battle of Dalahican, and assaults in Maragondon, Magallanes, Alfonso, Silang, Imus, San Francisco de Malabon, and coastal towns of Naic and Tanza - Earned the title “Nom de Guerre” / “Kidlat ng Apoy” / “Kapitan Apoy” Educational background: - Enrolled at University of Santo Tomas (UST) - Transferred to San Juan de Letran earning a Bachelor of Arts degree - Took law at Liceo de Manila - Took part in reorganization of the Nacionalista Party THE BOOK AND ITS CONTENT Dates: - Published in 1992 by Ateneo de Manila University - Reprinted in 1996 - Tagalog text initially published in the 1920s by the tagalog weekly “Sampaguita” - English translation by Paula Carolina Malay Content: - Narrates the personal experiences and observations of Santiago as a general during the Philippine revolution - Narrated the events that took place before the outbreak of the revolution, activities of Katipunan, election at Tejeros, and events that culminated the revolution after Bonifacio’s untimely death THE REVOLT OF THE MASSES TEODORO A. AGONCILLO Identity: - Filipino historian who authored numerous books and articles on Philippine History and Literature. A. History of the Filipino People B. Malolos: The crisis of the Republic C. The fateful years: japan’s adventures in the Philippines D. The Vargas-Laurel collaboration case Educational background: - Earned his Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy at University of the Philippines (UP) in 1934 - Master’s arts degree in 1935 - Taught at Far Eastern University and Manuel L. Quezon University - Accepted the invitation of Dean Tomas Fonacier to teach at the Department of History of the University of the Philippines where he also served as chairman - Named National Scientist of the Philippines by Ferdinand Marcos THE BOOK AND ITS CONTENT Dates: - Published in 1956 by College of Liberal Arts of UP - Second edition and printing in 2002 and 2005 respectively Content: - In-depth discussion on the Katipunan and history of andres bonifacio through primary sources concerning the Philippine revolution against spain - Gave more emphasis on Katipunan as Agoncillo believed that Bonifacio can best be seen and appreciated against the backdrop of the revolutionary society OBJECTIVITY AND SUBJECTIVITY The Facts of history are derived from testimony and therefore are facts of meaning - Symbolic but have no objective reality of their own - That is why records are always debatable - Necessity for safeguarding errors OBJECTIVE – Acquiring detached and truthful knowledge independent of one’s personal reactions. Must have an independent existence outside of the human mind. SUBJECTIVE – Based upon personal considerations (Could be untrue / biased). MISINFORMATION, DISINFORMATION, AND MALINFORMATION 1. MISINFORMATION - Information that is false, but the person disseminating it believes it is true. 2. DISINFORMATION - Information that is false and the person disseminating knows it’s false. A deliberate, intentional lie which makes people become actively disinformed by malicious actors 3. MALINFORMATION - Information that is based on reality but is used to inflict harm on a person, organization, or country  UNIT TWO (2) THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD ANTONIO PIGAFETTA - Lived sometime between 1491 - 1531 - From Vicenza - Italian Scholar and Explorer from a rich family - Studied astronomy, geography, and cartography - Became a chronicler of the Magellan Expedition - Among the 18 crew members who were able to return to Spain out of approximately 270 crew members of the expedition CONTENT OF THE ACCOUNT LAUNCHING Expidition left Seville, Spain August 10, 1519 Actual voyage started on September 20, 1519. 5 Ships comprised his fleet totaling about 270 members A. Victoria B. Concepcion C. San Antonio D. Santiago E. Trinidad Reached west african coast prior to crossing of the atlantic Reached brazil and other parts of south america in the atlantic During their exploration in the southern portion of south america, Spanish captains who had resentments towards their portuguese leaders made a mutiny. The Mutiny though was crushed later A YEAR IN On October 21, 1520, magellan was able to discover a passage connecting 2 great bodies of water. Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. This was named “The Strait of Magellan” Only 3 out of 5 were able to cross because San Antonio deserted the voyage by reversing its course and Santiago was wrecked by a strong squall in the Brazilian coast Crew members faced horrible conditions crossing the pacific ocean as they described eating leathers of their gears and garments, mice and sawdusts. They replenished stock in Guam on March 6, 1521 and called it “Island of Sails” Soon they changed it into “Isla de Ladrones” as natives stole a boat from ship Trinidad ARRIVAL March 16, 1521 they landed on island of Zamal (Samar) coinciding with the day of the Feast of St. Lazarus which prompted Magellan to name the islands as “Archipelago of St. Lazarus” Went to Humunu (Homonhon) and met the rulers of Butuan (Rajah Siagu) and Caraga (Rajah Colambu) March 27, 1521 they left Homonhon and reached Masao, Butuan. The following day, Magellan and Rajah Colambu made a blood compact as a sign of friendship March 31, 1521, Fr. Pedro de Valderrama offered a mass and the crew later installed a cross signifying conquest of the land ONWARDS TO CEBU April 7, 1521 with Colambu, they sailed to Cebu and met Rajah Humabon where he made friendship with in another blood compact April 14, 1521 a mass was officiated and a cross was erected. Natives were baptized and Humabon : Fernando and his wife : Juana They were given an image of santo nino (child jesus) as a gift BATTLE OF MACTAN Lapu Lapu of Mactan refused to accept the Spaniards Zula wanted to defeat Lapu Lapu and sought the assistance of Magellan Magellan agreed to fight Lapu Lapu and was so confident he refused the help of Humabon. April 27, 1521 60 men arrived in Mactan and 11 of this number were left behind to man the ships. 49 waded towards the shore Lapu Lapu overwhelmed his warriors as they total over 1050 with 3 divisions A poisoned arrow hit Magellan’s leg and he ordered their retreat. A bamboo lance hit his arms and a javelin hit his back which sealed his fate AFTER THE BATTLE; THE BETRAYAL Humabon was disenchanted by the Spaniards’ defeat so he connived with enrique, slave of magellan abused by duarte barbossa (his successor of the expedition) to kill the survivors Humabon invited the spaniards to a feast and while they’re eating, 24 out of 26 spaniards were killed including duarte barbossa, juan serrano, and pedro de valderrama AFTER THE BETRAYAL The remaining crew left Cebu and started the voyage to return to spain. Southwards, they reached palawan, brunei, mindanao, and moluccas They then decided that Victoria and Trinidad would take 2 different routers Trinidad (Gomez de Espirera) would cross the pacific again to reach mexico while Victoria (Sebastian de Elcano) would sail to spain by crossing the indian ocean and the african coast Trinidad was captured by the Portuguese in Moluccas and Victoria was able to return on September 6, 1522. 18 survived with 4 indians CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOG DOCUMENT BACKGROUND - Written by Fr. Juan de Plasencia in 1589 - Included in the following books: 1. 7th volume of “The Philippine Islands” by Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson published in 1903 2. The “Philippine Journal of Sciences” published in 1958 - Helped in understanding and preserving several traditions of the local population - Was the first form of Civil Code in the country and was used by local governors to administer justice - Part of a monograph written by several travelers in the country during the Spanish expedition in the 16th and 17th century AUTHOR BACKGROUND FRAY JUAN DE PLASENCIA Spanish Frier of the Franciscan Order. Among the 1st group of missionaries who arrived in the islands on July 2, 1578 Spent most of missionary life in the Philippines, founded numerous towns in Luzon and authored several religious and linguistic books which includes: 1. The Doctrina Cristiana (The Christian Doctrine) - 1st book ever printed in PH Early Years - Born 16th century as Juan Portocarrero in Plasencia, in the region of Extremadura, Spain - One of 7 children of Pedro Portocarrero, captain of a Spanish schooner Life in the Philippines - Believed to arrive in the Philippines in 1578 after a Mexico stopover - Joined forces with Fr. Diego de Oropesa and started preaching - Led a lifestyle devoting luxury and a defender of native population RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENT IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1. Proved that Filipinos were already civilized even before Spanish colonization 2. Proves that we could’ve had our own improved system and can be civilized without colonization 3. Provides info about how Filipinos then were identified with their beliefs and customs 4. Used to preserve traditions by the Filipinos in pre-colonial history 5. Explains how local people were grouped back then (Barangays) and that it is still distinguished by the same way in the past CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS - Explains information about pre-existing systems on administrations of justice, government, social classes, and includes few cases regarding inheritances, slaves, and dowries of the pre-colonial era of the Philippines GOVERNMENT DATO (CHIEF) - Chief of the village. Investigations and sentences made by the dato must be done in the presence of the members of his barangay - A man of low rank would be sentenced to death if he speaks againsts / insults the dato’s daughter or wife and the children of the convicted would become the dato’s slave MAHARLICAS - Must pay a certain amount of gold to be able to move from one village to another - When a maharlica marries someone from another village, their children will be split between 2 villages - When marrying someone of a lower rank, the children will be split between the parents and the children inherit the rank of the parent they belong to  SLAVES - A status that can be achieved by anyone commonly in exception to the Dato. - More of a toil state. A punishment for a mistake, crime, or responsibility not accomplished and less as the labor of the community 1. ALIPING NAMAMAHAY - Commoners - Complete ownership of their property and gold - Their children will inherit their father’s rank and cannot be sold nor made to be slaves 2. ALIPING SAGUIGUILIR - Could be sold - No owned property and gold - Serves their master without pay - Could not marry without permission from the master ACQUISITION OF SLAVE STATUS 1. Inheritance from a preexisting slave status (i.e. Passed down from a slave parent to a child) 2. Prisoners of war, may be acquired from opposing barangay 3. Buying of slaves 4. Committing a crime: 5. Debt RENOUNCING OF SLAVE STATUS Paid the debt Marriage or pregnancy (slave women become free) Forgiveness COMMITTING A CRIME - Crimes, unless warranted by the death penalty, were punished by fines. Slavery happens in case of payment failure DEBT - exists of usury, if the debtor is unable to pay, they must give half of their land and profit until the debt is paid. It is inheritable and may be doubled in failure of payment. DOWRIES (BIGAY-KAYA) A property or money be it gold, jewel, or land in the family of the wife or the wife. If a son will marry a chief’s daughter, he should give more than the other son’s offer HIMARAW The husband’s family should also give a dowry to the parents of the wife for the sleepless nights she spent during infancy (Known as Himaraw) PANGHIHIMUYAT Parents of the husband should gift the parents of the wife for all the rearing of the wife into a woman. BIGAY-SUSO The husband’s parents also give a share of dowry to the wet nurse for taking care of the wife when she was a baby SYSTEMS ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE Revolves around the penalties to which people compel and answer for crimes. This can b seen as how pre-colonial Filipinos give gravity to mistakes and promote values 1. In between 2 people, disputants, and/or 2 chiefs in barangays, the aggrieved gets an arbiter from another village with the judgement ceremony in the presence of those in his barangay 2. People prefer a Dato that endures and protects them not just ordering them around 3. Investigations / laws passed by the dato must be know by his barangay 4. If anyone felt himself aggrieved, an arbiter from other barangay/village – fair and just men will give true judgement according to their customs 5. If 2 chiefs are in conflict and they want to avoid war, a judge can act as arbiters. In this situations, they always had to drink PENALTIES DEATH SENTENCE - Given to those who insulted the wife or children of the Dato and witches. This could be merited by slavery except by witches who were killed, with the spoils being slaves Low birth men like witches and others of the same class were condemned to death if they insulted the wife/daughter of the Dato. Children of the witches become slaves of the Dato No one is condemned to slavery unless merited a death penalty All other offenses were punished by fines in gold. If not paid, they must serve the person aggrieved until paid in full FINES OF GOLD, LANDS, AND PRODUCTS - Others pay penalties. If not done regularly, they become slaves until full payment NAMAMAHAY / SAGUIGUILID - Culprit becomes saguiguilid if he serves his master whom judgement is applied. Becomes a namamahay if he serves the one who paid the aggrieved. LOANS - The debtor is subject to a life of toil, giving half of lands and profit. Their debt can be inherited by their children INHERITANCE Mostly to cases of the father in relation to his wife and other potential affairs that affect the amount of inheritance of a child. Possessions are inherited equally by legitimate children. Except for parents who show partiality. The basic principle is how social class is important to ownership. CASE 1 – 2 legitimate wives. Children of these inherit the dowry of their mothers with a share of father’s possession. CASE 2 – Legitimate wife and a slave. The child of the slave has no inheritance. Legitimate children bound to free the slave mother. CASE 3 – Unmarried free wife. Children of hers will be natural children. With a legitimate child present, the natural child inherits 1/3s of their father’s CASE 4 – Adopted. Adopted children inherit 2 times the value of what was given for their adoption. AFTER MARRIAGE Maharlicas could not move from one village to another without paying fine in gold 1 - 3 taels Banquet to the entire barangay Failure to pay the fine may result to war between 2 barangays Except when one married a woman from other barangay, the children is divided equally between 2 barangays FATHER: Slave MOTHER: Maharlica CHILDREN: - Odd numbers - Even numbers - Class depends on parent class - No certain age division of children FATHER: Maharlica MOTHER: Maharlica CHILDREN: Maharlica (Not Married) FATHER: Maharlica MOTHER: Slave – Free CHILDREN: Free FATHER: Maharlica Other slave-woman: Gives his mother half of gold tael CHILDREN: Half free & Half slave / Wholy slave (Not Married) FATHER: Slave – Free MOTHER: Free CHILDREN: Free WORSHIP OF THE TAGALOGS Simbahan Temple / Place of Adoration Sibi Temporary shed on each side of the house with a roof Sorihile Small lamps on the posts of the house adorned with leaves of white palm Small / Large Drums Beaten successively while the feast lasted which lasts 4 days Bathala Pinaka sinasamba Licha Images of different shapes Tala Bituin sa umaga (morning star) Sinasamba Parang anito Buaya Buwaya Ibon (Nagbabadya ng mangyayari) Tigmamanuguin Pari Catolonan Pleiades 7 little goats Mapolon and Balatic Change of seasons IDOLS Bathala / Badhala - “May kapal sa lahat” maker of everything Sun, Moon, Stars Dian Masalanta - goddess of love, childbirth, peace, and protector of lovers among ancient tagalogs Lacapati and Idianale - Major fertility deity and husbandry of the ancient tagalogs Brace in war - warriors died in battle Lic-ha - Images of different shapes TIGMAMANUGUIN (IRENA PUELLA TURCOSA) Asian Fairy bluebird 1 of 2 species suggested to be the actual bird referred to by the ancient tagalogs as Tigmamanuguin CATOLONAN Can be a man or woman Priest of the village Most powerful rank MANGAGAUAY Witches who deceive by pretending to heal the sick Induced maladies by their charms which were capable of causing death MANYISALAT Witches that had the power to apply such remedies to lovers that they would abandon and despise their wives, preventing them from having intercourse with one another. If the woman were abandoned through these means, it would bring sickness upon her MANCOCOLAM Emit fire from himself once or often each month at night Fire could not be extinguished HOCLOBAN Greater efficacy than the mangagauay By simply saluting/raising their hand, they can kill whoever If they desire to heal those they made ill with charms, they will use other charms Catanduanes SILAGAN Clothed in white and tears out the liver of its victim and eats it Catanduanes MAGTATANGAL Shows itself at night without a head or entrails Would return to his body and remain as alive as before in the morning Catanduanes OSUANG Sorcerer They fly and eat the flesh of their victims Visayas islands and not from the tagalogs MANGAGAYOMA A witch that could make charms for lovers out of herbs, stones, and wood which would infuse the heart with love SONAT A Preacher who helps a person to die Could predict the salvation or condemnation of the soul PANGATAHOJAN A seer, soothsayer and predictor of the future BAYOGUIN Cotquean. A man whose nature inclined towards that of a woman ANDRES BONIFACIO - “Pangulo ng Haring Bayang Katagalugan” at “Supremo ng Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan - Ipinanganak noong November 30, 1863 - Tondo, Manila sa kalye ng Azcarraga (Claro M. Recto) - Panganay sa 5 pang mga kapatid 1. Ciriaco 2. Procopio 3. Espiridiona 4. Troadio 5. Maxima - Santiago Bonifacion (ama) Sastre (Tailor) at Bangkero sa ilog pasig - Catalina de Castro (ina) Taga-rolyo ng sigarilyo sa pabrika ng tabacco sa China town - Ipinangalan sa banal na santong Andrew - Maagang naturo ang pagdadasal at alpabeto REPORMA SA EDUKASYON (December 1863) - Bawat munisipalidad ay kailangang magtayo ng pampublikong paaralan para sa mga batang lalaki at babae - Nag-aral sa Marcella Agoncillio Elementary school PAGKAMATAY NG AMA AT INA - Namatay sa Tuberculosis ang kaniyang ina at sumunod ang kaniyang ama isang taon pagkatapos - Napilitang magtrabaho si Andres at gumagawa sila ng baston na yari sa ratan at pamaypay upang ibenta - Pumasok sa Fleming & co. bilang ahente ng ratan atbp. - Nahilig sa kaligrapiya at nahasa sa pagsulat sa ingles at kastila - Lumipat sa Fressel & co. bilang bodegero BUHAY NI ANDRES - Nahilig sa teatro, sarswela, at komedyang moro-moro - Naging aktor sa “Samahang dramatista ng Tondo” kasama sina Macario Sacay at Guillermo Masangkay - Naitatag ang “El Teatro Porvenir” Theater of the future - Gumanap bilang Bernardo Carpio, paboritong karakter - Unti-onti siyang natuto magsalin ng mga literatura na espanyol sa filipino - Teatro ang naging daan para siya’y mamulat sa kalagayan ng lipunan PANAHON NG ESPANYA - Miguel Lopez de Legazpi = Unang gobernador-heneral sa Pilipinas (1571) - Paggawad ng sistemang “Encomienda” na umabot ng 241 sa taong 1650 SISTEMANG ENCOMIENDA - Pormal na sistema ng sapilitang pagpapatrabaho sa mga indio - Ginawaran din ng encomienda ang mga prayle at sila ay naniningil ng tributo (buwis) - Nakonsensya si Arkobispo Domingo de Salazar SISTEMANG HASYENDA / HACIENDA - Pumalit sa naunang sistema - Pinamamahalaan ng mga INSULARES (Kastilang ipinanganak sa kolonya) - Binubuo ng plantasyon, minahan, pagawaan 1. Hacienda Luisita (Tarlac) 2. Central Azucarrera don Pedro (Nasugbu) 3. Central Azucarrera la Carlota (Negros) - Hasyenda sa Lipa, Batangas ay gumagawa ng mga produktong pang-export katulad ng asukal, kape, at tabacco - Nananatili ang ilang mga hasyenda hanggang ngayon - Nagpatakbo din ang mga prayle ng hasyenda 1. Hacienda Buenavista (Hacienda San Juan de Dios) 2. Minahang Lipanto (Inangkin mula sa mga Balitok at ginamit din ng Amerikano) POLO Y SERVICIO - Sapilitang pagttrabaho ng mga taong 16 - 60 years old sa 40 na araw - Pagbayad ng FALLA (fee) upang makaiwas - Ang hindi nagbayad ay inaaresto at pinaparusahan - Maraming gusali ang nabuo tulad ng simbahan na sumisimbolo ng kolonyanismo ng mga Espanyol - Sapilitang paglibot ng mga tao sa kagubatan upang makakuha ng troso para sa mga galyon - Ginamit din ang sistemang ito upang makabuo ng mga barko at paandarin ito KALAKALANG BANDALA - Pumalit sa Barter - Sapilitang pagkuha ng mga pananim kapalit ng maliit na halaga SISTEMANG SEDULA / CEDULA - Tanikala sa mga Pilipino - Patunay ng pagbayad ng Buwis at kapag walang maipakita ay pinaparusahan - Kapag walang perang pambayad, tanim at alagang hayop ang ibinabayad na mas mahal pa sa tributo IMPLUWENSIYA NG KASTILA HANGGANG NGAYON - Paniniwala na ang simbahan ang masusunod sa lahat. Katulad na lamang ng paniniwala na ang utos ng simbahan ang dapat masusunod. Madali itong inabuso ng mga prayle. - Pagbura ng mga katutubong kaugalian. - Pagbawal na maniwala sa mga anito at kay Bathala. - Pagbawal sa mga gawaing kultural tulad ng arnis dahil sa pangambang gagamitin ito sa kanila. - Pagpapatayo ng mga colosseum at pagdala ng toro mula sa Espansya - Pagbuo ng karera ng mga kabayo - Paglaganap ng mga romantikong sarswela, mga pasyon na nagpapaala sa sakripisyo ni Hesus, komedyang moro-moro na patutsada sa pagkatalo ni Sultan Kudarat na salungat sa katotohanan. - Mga piyesta na nagdidiwang ng mga santo tulad ng Flores de Mayo - Kaugaliang pagmamano at paghalik sa kamay ng mga prayle. - Ang intramuros ay nagsilbing tirahan ng mga Kastila na naghihiwalay sa mga Indio sa labas at Kastila sa loob. VISUAL SOURCES Question of Subject - Pertains to what the visual source is all about (Saan tungkol ito?) - Equally important is if the source shows its subject literally or through a subtext / concealed meaning (Ang subject ba ay pinapakita as it is or may symbolic meaning ba ito?) Question of Facts - A factual piece of information - Leaves no room for doubt / uncertainty Question of Intended Observers / Audience - Who are the supposed observers of the photographer? Question of Purpose - Who is the photographer / creator? Where did they come from? What was his career or educational background Question of Context - If certain visual material is analyzed and interpreted separately from its milieu, period and existing traditions, the material is detached from its value or meaning. Other factors involved - Elements such as images, colors, lines, etc. might be of some help in understanding the piece DISTINCTION OF VISUAL SOURCES 1. PHOTOGRAPH - Image it captures is a minute yet exact representation of reality 2. PAINTING - Portrayal of reality based on the distinct perception / interpretation of its brush master 3. CARICATURE - Representation of reality, often in a grotesque or exaggerated form in order to transcend satirical, sarcastic or burlesque connotations of social events 4. VIDEO DOCUMENTARY - Moving picture that actually shows or at least immortalizes what happened at a certain past KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN THE AUTHOR EMILIO JACINTO - Young adviser of Andres Bonifacio - Brain of the Katipunan - Intelligence director in the assault made in San Juan del Monte in August 30, 1896 - Died of Malaria in Majayjay Laguna THE BOOK - Oaths and orders that the katipuneros had to follow - Sold 4 kualta per copy accdg. To Jim Richardson (2013) - Was used at the time of the revolution against the USA - Took influence from the declaration used in the masonic lodges in Manila - Resonates the teaching of discipline, virtue, and morals to individuals who wished to join the secret society. MGA ARAL 1. Ang buhay na hindi ginugugol sa isang matayog at banal na layunin ay punong walang lilim o kung hindi man ay nakalalasong damo 2. Ang gawaing magaling na may pagyayabang o panghahangad ng makasarili ay hindi tunay na kabaitan 3. Tunay na kabanalan ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa kapwa at ang pagiging tama sa kilos, gawa, at salita 4. Maitim man o maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat tayo’y pantay-pantay; mangyayaring ang isa’y hihigitan sa dunong, yaman, sa ganda; ngunit hindi mahihigitan ang kanyang pagkatao 5. Mas pinahahalagahan na taong marangal ang kanyang puri kaysa pansariling kapakinabangan; sa taong tampalasan, inuuna ang sariling pakinabang 6. Sa taong may hiya, salia’y panunumpa 7. Huwag mong sayangin ang panahon; ang yamang nawala ay naibalik; ngunit panahong nagdaan na ay di na muling magdaraan 8. Ipagtanggol ang inaapi at labanan ang nang-aapi 9. Ang taong matalino’y nag-iingat sa bawat sasabihin; matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim 10. Sa matinik na daan ng buhay, lalaki ang siyang gabay ng asawa at mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa masama, sa kasamaan din hahantong ang inaakay 11. Huwag mong tignan ang babae na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuwang at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong buhay; gamitin mo nang buong pagpipitagan ag kanyang (pisikal na) kahinaan, at alalahanin ang iyong inang pinagmulan at nag-aruga sa iyong kasanggulan 12. Ang hindi mo ibig gawin sa iyong asawa, anak, at kapatid ay huwag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iyong kapuwa  EXTRA INFORMATION Enrique de Malacca - Alipin at translator nila Magellan. Old name: Trappobana Magdiwang and Magdalo : 2 factions of the Katipunan A. Magdiwang : Mariano Alvarez (President) (Kapitan Heneral) B. Magdalo : Baldomero Aguinaldo (President) First International Achievers Gold - Juan Luna Silver - Felix Hidalgo Encomendar - meaning Ipinagkakatiwala / Trust Malaria: Cause of Death ni Emilio Jacinto Ilustrado: Comes from Mestizos PINTA - Representasyon ng realidad bagaman hindi eksaktong depiksyon o eksaktong porma ng realidad. PANGLABAS kritisismo - Pagkilatis sa background ni Erlinda. PANGLABAS kritisismo - Mabusising pagkilatis sa dokumento kung ito ay nababasa pa. Peninsulares > Insulares > Iba pang mga Europeo > Mestizo > Principalia > Indios > Tsino > Mga katutubong hindi nabinyagan Franciscan - Grupo ng pari na parte si Juan de Plasencia 5 groups of evangelists 1. Augustinians (1565) 2. Franciscans (1578) 3. Jesuits (1581) 4. Dominicans (1587) 5. Recollectos Apolinario dela Cruz / Hermano Pule - Nagtatag ng Cofradia de San Jose Datu Zula - Karibal ni Lapu Lapu sa Mactan La Liga Filipina - Samahang itinatag ni Rizal noong July 4 1892 1956 - Taon unang nailimbag ang Revolt of the Masses Ariston Villanueva - Minister of War ng Katipunan na nagpahayag kung sakaling magtatayo ng panibagong pamahalaan ay si Andres dapat ang maging pangulo Binukot - Pinakamaganda sa barangay hindi hinahayaang lumabas ng bahay at masilayan ng iba March 22, 1897 - Tejeros Convention date Doktrinang Regalyan / Regallian Doctrine - doktrinang nagbigay kapangyarihan sa hari ng espanya sa pamahagi ng lupain sa mga kolonya nito Sandil / inaasawa - Pangalawang asawa ng dato Rafael Izquierdo - Gobernador Heneral na naghatol ng kamatayan sa tatlong paring martir GOMBURZA 1. Mariano Gomez 2. Jose Burgos 3. Jacinto Zamora Republika / Republic - pamahalaang itinatag ni Emilio Aguinaldo Ambrocio Rianzares Bautista - Sumulat ng Deklarasyon ng Kalayaan ng Pilipinas