Questions and Answers
What were the main contours of English colonization in the 17th century?
Colonies were racked by religious, political, and economic tensions. The New World was beginning anti-Catholicism and moving toward Protestantism. They remained dependent on the mother country for protection and economic assistance. America was seen as a refuge for England's surplus population.
What obstacles did the English settlers in the Chesapeake overcome?
It was expensive to pay for voyages to the New World. Two-thirds of English settlers came as indentured servants in exchange for passage to America. The English wanted land, not control of the native population. There was recurrent warfare between colonists and Indians.
How did Virginia and Maryland develop in their early years?
Virginia relied on local Indians for food, had an early attitude of looking for riches, and experienced a high death rate. Maryland was established as a proprietary colony aimed at creating harmony between Protestants and Catholics, focusing on tobacco cultivation.
What made the English settlement of New England distinctive?
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What were the main sources of discord in early New England?
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How did the English Civil War affect the colonies in America?
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What is the 'Headright system'?
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What was the Pequot War?
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What was the Half-Way Covenant?
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What was the Virginia Company?
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What were the approaches of England towards Ireland?
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What were some consequences of the social crisis in England?
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What characterized the relationship between English immigrants and Native Americans?
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How did English colonization change Indian life?
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What was the situation in the Jamestown colony during its first decade?
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What happened during the Uprising of 1622?
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What rights did married women possess in Virginia?
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What was Maryland, the second Chesapeake colony?
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What characterized the rise of Puritanism?
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Who were the Pilgrims at Plymouth?
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What was the Great Migration?
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How was government organized in Massachusetts?
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Who was Roger Williams?
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What was Rhode Island known for?
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Who established Connecticut?
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What role did Anne Hutchinson play in early New England?
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What was the Puritan view of Native Americans?
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What were the consequences of the Pequot War?
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What characterized the New England economy?
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Study Notes
English Colonization in the 17th Century
- Colonization marked by religious, political, and economic conflicts; anti-Catholic sentiment grew as Protestantism took hold.
- Colonies were economically dependent on England for protection and resources.
- Viewed as a refuge for England's surplus population.
Obstacles for English Settlers in the Chesapeake
- High costs associated with voyages to the New World; many were indentured servants.
- Settlers sought land rather than dominance over Native Americans; faced ongoing conflicts with Indigenous peoples.
Development of Virginia and Maryland
- Virginia: Began in Jamestown, initially reliant on Indigenous food sources; John Smith's leadership emphasized hard work for survival.
- House of Burgesses allowed landowners limited voting rights; near-constant warfare with local tribes.
- Maryland: Established in 1632 to promote religious harmony between Catholics and Protestants; faced high mortality rates among settlers.
Distinctiveness of New England Settlements
- Emergence of a new social order due to Puritanism, influencing family, governance, and church-state relations.
- The Great Migration, fueled by the Massachusetts Bay Company, significantly expanded Puritan influence.
Sources of Discord in Early New England
- Key issues included religious controversies and poor relations with Native Americans.
- Roger Williams advocated for religious tolerance; Connecticut had a close church-state relationship leading to conflicts.
Impact of the English Civil War on Colonies
- Created divisions between loyalists and those favoring colonial freedom; influenced debates on liberty and governance.
A Discourse Concerning Western Planting
- Written in 1584 for Sir Walter Raleigh; outlined 23 reasons for Queen Elizabeth I to support colonial establishments.
Headright System
- Offered 50 acres of land to any colonist who financed their own or another's journey to America.
Pequot War
- Significant conflict in 1637 initiated by the killing of a fur trader; resulted in the destruction of the Pequot tribe and opened up land for European settlers.
Half-Way Covenant
- In response to dwindling church membership by 1650, this 1662 policy allowed partial church membership for grandchildren of original Puritan emigrants.
Virginia Company
- Private enterprise with shareholders from various backgrounds; received royal approval to establish colonies.
English and Irish Relations
- English conquest involved violence, land seizure, and the imposition of English economic practices; resistance from Irish to English authority was prevalent.
Social Crisis in England
- Government failure to address unemployment led to severe penalties for those without work, including physical punishment and forced military service.
English Immigration to America
- Economic difficulties in England drove immigrants to seek better opportunities in the New World, despite risks of disease and environmental challenges.
Relationships between English Settlers and Native Americans
- English aimed to displace Indigenous populations rather than integrate; interactions centered on trade while maintaining separation from Native cultures.
Changes to Native American Life
- Integration into the Atlantic economy altered Indigenous practices; European goods changed traditional methods of farming and hunting; increased European influence led to tribal conflicts.
Jamestown Colony
- High death rates due to disease and food shortages; maintained by strict military discipline under John Smith.
Uprising of 1622
- Surprise attack by Powhatan’s brother resulted in the death of a quarter of Virginia's settlers; led to retaliatory massacres and shift in power dynamics.
Rights of Women in Virginia
- Married women in Virginia had legal rights, including claims to dowries.
Maryland's Status as a Chesapeake Colony
- Characterized as a proprietary colony under a single individual's control; operated as a feudal domain.
Rise of Puritanism
- Puritans criticized the Church of England for retaining Catholic elements, aspiring to adhere to John Calvin's teachings.
Pilgrims at Plymouth
- The first Puritans, known as Pilgrims, established self-governance through the Mayflower Compact upon landing at Cape Cod.
The Great Migration
- Between 1629 and 1642, approximately 21,000 Puritans emigrated to Massachusetts, forming a stable society.
Government Structure in Massachusetts
- Massachusetts established self-governing towns through land grants from colonial authorities.
Roger Williams
- Advocated for the separation of church and state; emphasized individual religious autonomy; founded Rhode Island after being banished.
Rhode Island
- Founded by Roger Williams, offered religious freedom and democratic governance, recognized individual rights in worship.
Connecticut Formation
- Thomas Hooker founded Hartford; obtained a royal charter to unify Hartford and New Haven into a colony.
Anne Hutchinson
- Openly discussed religious views at home; faced trial and banishment for her beliefs, leaving a lasting impact on regional religious dynamics.
Puritan Views on Indians
- Puritans generally regarded Indigenous peoples as obstacles, seeking to convert them while aiming for territorial expansion.
The Pequot War
- Sparked by the death of a fur trader; led to the near destruction of the Pequot tribe, paving the way for rapid European settlement.
Economy of New England
- Characterized by family farms producing food for personal use and limited market surplus; low reliance on slave labor.
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Description
This quiz explores key focus questions related to Chapter 2 of your history study. It delves into the contours of English colonization in the 17th century, examining religious, political, and economic factors. Ideal for students looking to reinforce their understanding of this historical period.