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Questions and Answers
Platelets are small cell fragments derived from ______ in bone marrow.
megakaryocytes
Monocytes circulate as precursors of ______ and other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
macrophages
Pluripotent stem cells for blood cell formation occur in the bone marrow of ______ and adults.
children
Progenitor cells proliferate and differentiate within microenvironmental niches of stromal cells, other cells, and ECM with specific ______ factors.
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Red bone marrow is active in ______.
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Erythropoietic islands within marrow contain the red blood cell lineage: proerythroblasts, erythroblasts with succeeding developmental stages called basophilic, polychromatophilic, and ______.
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At the last stage of erythropoiesis cell nuclei are extruded, producing reticulocytes that still contain some ______ but are released into the circulation.
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Granulopoiesis includes ______, which have large nuclei and relatively little cytoplasm.
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Promyelocytes, in which lysosomal azurophilic granules are produced; ______, in which specific granules for one of the three types of granulocytes are formed.
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Immature neutrophilic metamyelocytes called band (stab) cells are released prematurely during bacterial infections when the compartment of circulating neutrophils is ______.
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Monoblasts produce monocytes in red marrow, but lymphoblasts give rise to lymphocytes primarily in the lymphoid tissues in processes involving ______ immunity.
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Megakaryocytes, large polyploid cells of red bone marrow, produce platelets by releasing them from the ends of cytoplasmic processes called ______.
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Blood is a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells and fluid extracellular material called ______
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The liquid portion of blood is called ______
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Formed elements in blood include leukocytes, erythrocytes, and ______
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Alpha and Beta Globulins are transport proteins made by the ______ and other cells
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Fibrinogen, the largest plasma protein, polymerizes as insoluble, cross-linked fibers of ______ that block blood loss
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Immunoglobulins are also known as ______ or Gamma Globulins
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Study Notes
Blood Components
- Monocytes are larger agranulocytes with distinctly indented or C-shaped nuclei that circulate as precursors of macrophages and other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
- Platelets are small (2-4 μm) cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow, with a marginal bundle of actin filaments, alpha granules, and delta granules.
- Platelets have an open canalicular system of membranous vesicles and undergo rapid degranulation on contact with collagen, triggering blood clotting.
Hemopoiesis
- Pluripotent stem cells for blood cell formation occur in the bone marrow of children and adults.
- Progenitor cells, committed to forming each type of mature blood cell, proliferate and differentiate within microenvironmental niches of stromal cells, other cells, and ECM with specific growth factors.
- These progenitor cells are also known as colony-forming units (CFUs) and the growth factors are also called colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) or cytokines.
- Red bone marrow is active in hemopoiesis, while yellow bone marrow consists mostly of adipose tissue.
Erythropoiesis
- Erythropoietic islands or cords within marrow contain the red blood cell lineage: proerythroblasts, erythroblasts with succeeding developmental stages called basophilic, polychromatophilic, and orthochromatophilic.
- These stages reflect the cytoplasmic transition from RNA-rich to hemoglobin-filled.
- At the last stage of erythropoiesis, cell nuclei are extruded, producing reticulocytes that still contain some polyribosomes but are released into the circulation.
Granulopoiesis
- Granulopoiesis includes myeloblasts, which have large nuclei and relatively little cytoplasm.
- Promyelocytes produce lysosomal azurophilic granules, while myelocytes form specific granules for one of the three types of granulocytes.
- Metamyelocytes undergo characteristic changes in nuclear morphology, and immature neutrophilic metamyelocytes called band (stab) cells are released prematurely during bacterial infections.
Other Blood Cells
- Monoblasts produce monocytes in red marrow, while lymphoblasts give rise to lymphocytes primarily in the lymphoid tissues.
- Megakaryocytes, large polyploid cells of red bone marrow, produce platelets or thrombocytes by releasing them from the ends of cytoplasmic processes called proplatelets.
Blood Circulation
- All formed elements of blood enter the circulation by crossing the discontinuous endothelium of sinusoids in the red marrow.
- Blood circulates within a closed circulatory system, with a total volume of around 5L.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the histology of blood and hemopoiesis. Learn about specialized connective tissue, plasma, circulatory system, and more.
