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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of erythropoietin (EPO) in hematopoiesis?
What is the primary role of erythropoietin (EPO) in hematopoiesis?
From which stem cell type do erythrocytes (red blood cells) originate?
From which stem cell type do erythrocytes (red blood cells) originate?
What factor primarily stimulates the secretion of erythropoietin?
What factor primarily stimulates the secretion of erythropoietin?
Which of the following cell types is NOT classified as a supportive cell in hematopoiesis?
Which of the following cell types is NOT classified as a supportive cell in hematopoiesis?
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What is the significance of self-renewal in the context of hematopoietic stem cells?
What is the significance of self-renewal in the context of hematopoietic stem cells?
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Which type of stem cell directly gives rise to megakaryocytes, the precursors of platelets?
Which type of stem cell directly gives rise to megakaryocytes, the precursors of platelets?
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Which growth factor specifically stimulates the production of granulocytes?
Which growth factor specifically stimulates the production of granulocytes?
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Which nutrient is essential for the production of red blood cells and is often a part of supplementation in diets?
Which nutrient is essential for the production of red blood cells and is often a part of supplementation in diets?
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What is the primary function of hematopoiesis?
What is the primary function of hematopoiesis?
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Which cells are found in the red bone marrow involved in the erythropoiesis series?
Which cells are found in the red bone marrow involved in the erythropoiesis series?
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In which location does extramedullary hematopoiesis occur during severe chronic anemia?
In which location does extramedullary hematopoiesis occur during severe chronic anemia?
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What is the role of the stromal supportive tissue in the bone marrow?
What is the role of the stromal supportive tissue in the bone marrow?
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What happens to yellow fatty inactive marrow under increased demand for blood cell production?
What happens to yellow fatty inactive marrow under increased demand for blood cell production?
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Which of the following statements about myeloid series cells in red bone marrow is correct?
Which of the following statements about myeloid series cells in red bone marrow is correct?
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Which bones in adults are recognized as primary sites for hematopoiesis?
Which bones in adults are recognized as primary sites for hematopoiesis?
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What is another term for the production of thrombocytes?
What is another term for the production of thrombocytes?
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Study Notes
Hematopoiesis and Bone Marrow Histology
- Hematopoiesis is the production and development of all blood cells
- Erythropoiesis: production of red blood cells (RBCs)
- Leucopoiesis: production of white blood cells (WBCs)
- Thrombopoiesis: production of platelets
Objectives
- Identify sites of hematopoiesis throughout life
- Describe the structure of bone marrow
- Understand the role of hematopoietic stem cells
- Identify factors controlling hematopoiesis
- Outline laboratory tests for assessing hematopoiesis
Blood Cell Types
- Blood is a suspension of differentiated, mature, non-dividing cells (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets)
- Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
- White Blood Cells (WBCs): monocyte, lymphocyte, eosinophil, neurophil, basophil
- Platelets
Developmental Sites of Hematopoiesis
-
Prenatal (Fetus):
- 0-2 months: yolk sac
- 2-7 months: liver and spleen
- 5-9 months: bone marrow
-
Postnatal (Extrauterine):
- Infant: bone marrow (all bones)
- Adult and elderly: vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, pelvic bones, and proximal ends of long bones
Structure of Bone Marrow
- Bone marrow consists of red marrow (parenchymal tissue) and supportive tissue
-
Red bone marrow:
- Stem cells
- Erythropoiesis cells (early, intermediate, late erythroblast, reticulocytes)
- Myeloid cells (stem cell, blast, promyelocytes, myelocytes, metamyelocytes, band cells, mature granulocytes)
- Megakaryocytes (platelet precursors)
-
Stromal supportive tissue:
- Bone trabeculae
- Microcirculation network
- Macrophages, fatty cells, dendritic cells, fibroblasts
Microscopic Images of Bone Marrow
- Images show trabecular bone, granulocytes, megakaryocytes, and erythroid islands
Laboratory Tests
- Hematocrit, hemoglobin
- Complete blood count (CBC): RBC count, WBC count, platelet count
- Blood film (cell morphology)
- Reticulocyte count
- Bone marrow aspirate
- Genetic tests
Red Blood Cell Indices
-
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): average volume of RBCs (80-100 fl)
- Microcytic (<80 fl)
- Normocytic (80-100 fl)
- Macrocytic (>100 fl)
-
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): average hemoglobin content per RBC (27-32 pg)
- Hypochromic (<27 pg)
- Normochromic (27-32 pg)
- Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC): average concentration of hemoglobin per unit volume of RBC (32-36%)
- Red cell distribution width (RDW): degree of variation in red cell size; high RDW indicates anisocytosis (variation in RBC size).
Regulation of Hematopoiesis
-
Cytokines and interleukins:
- Erythropoietin (EPO): hormone produced mostly by the kidney, controls erythroid proliferation and differentiation
- Thrombopoietin (TPO): hormone
-
Hormones:
- Thyroid hormones
- Androgens
Growth Factors
- Colony-stimulating factors (e.g., G-CSF, GM-CSF)
Nutrient Support
- Minerals (iron), vitamins (B12, folic acid), amino acids
Bone Marrow Microenvironment
- Macrophages role in hematopoiesis: iron storage, denaturation of aged red blood cells, cytokine release, immune defense
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Description
This quiz covers the essential concepts of hematopoiesis and the histological structure of bone marrow. It includes topics such as the different types of blood cells, the developmental sites of hematopoiesis, and the role of hematopoietic stem cells. Assess your understanding of these vital processes in blood cell production.
