Hippocampus and Memory Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following regions is NOT involved in memory impairment when damaged?

  • Perirhinal cortex
  • Hippocampus
  • Motor cortex (correct)
  • Parahippocampal cortex

    • Lesions in the hippocampus alone do not affect episodic memory.

    False

    What does an episodic memory consist of?

    Stimulus and context

    The hippocampus is crucial for storing _____ information, including when and where events occurred.

    <p>context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of lesion to its impact on memory:

    <p>Hippocampal lesion = Worsened episodic memory Parahippocampal lesion = Increased memory impairment Perirhinal lesion = Affected memory retrieval No lesion = Normal memory function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to working memory with short delays?

    <p>It can solve tasks effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Context plays a significant role in forming episodic memories.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specific areas increase memory impairment when lesions occur?

    <p>Parahippocampal, perirhinal, and entorhinal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hippocampus in spatial navigation?

    <p>To create a map of space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lesioned rats can still utilize spatial cues effectively.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the test used to assess the role of the hippocampus in spatial navigation?

    <p>Morris water maze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hippocampus is responsible for encoding the '______' component of episodic memories.

    <p>where</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Hippocampus = Creates a map of space Lesioned Rats = Cannot use spatial context cues Morris Water Maze = Tests spatial navigation abilities Spatial Cues = Assists in navigation around space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Morris water maze, what does it not matter when testing the rats?

    <p>Where they are dropped in the tank</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of convicted prisoners were mistakenly identified by an eyewitness and later exonerated according to the Innocence Project?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The function of the hippocampus during cue-based spatial navigation is well understood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The misinformation effect involves incorporating accurate information into your memory of an event.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe a major limitation observed in rats with hippocampal lesions during the Morris water maze test.

    <p>They don't learn to navigate using spatial cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can false identification during a line-up alter?

    <p>Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is a critical brain structure involved in memory and spatial navigation.

    <p>hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phenomenon where misleading information is integrated into memory is known as the ________ effect.

    <p>misinformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their associated effects:

    <p>Hippocampus lesion = Impaired spatial navigation Spatial navigation = Using environmental cues Memory encoding = Storing information in the brain Morris water maze = Experiment assessing spatial learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of not informing a witness that the perpetrator may not be in the line-up?

    <p>Increases false identifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Eyewitness Evidence = Information provided by a person who has seen something happen. Misinformation Effect = Incorporating misleading information into memory. False Identification = Wrongly recognizing someone as a perpetrator. Suggestive Questions = Questions that lead to memory alteration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who conducted a significant investigation into the malleability of memory in 2005?

    <p>Loftus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the hippocampus in memory?

    <p>Encoding spatial context during navigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hippocampus has no role in context-dependent memory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are recorded during navigation for their activity?

    <p>Hippocampal place cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of memory being strengthened while sleeping is known as ______.

    <p>consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did O'Keefe and Dostrovsky conduct their landmark study on hippocampal cells?

    <p>1971</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 2014 Nobel Prize was awarded for research related to the hippocampus and spatial encoding.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is specifically linked with the medial temporal lobe?

    <p>Declarative memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of the hippocampus includes exploring the difference between ______ and retrieval.

    <p>encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an ongoing area of research in relation to the hippocampus?

    <p>Relationships between different types of memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the subsequent memory paradigm described in the study?

    <p>To measure brain activity during encoding and retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The encoding phase of the subsequent memory paradigm involves recalling a list of physical objects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does fMRI stand for?

    <p>functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During retrieval, the brain activity at encoding is _____ in memory recall.

    <p>predictive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the words to their status during retrieval:

    <p>Carpet = Remembered Goldfish = Forgotten Mountain = Remembered Airplane = Forgotten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of the brain is primarily involved in the memory processes discussed?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study indicates that all words presented during encoding are equally likely to be remembered.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the two sources cited for the principles used in the study.

    <p>Brewer ea. 1998 or Wagner ea. 1998</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The quality check during retrieval determines whether a word is _____ or forgotten.

    <p>remembered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured during the encoding phase according to the design?

    <p>Brain activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Memory - Chapter 9, Part 1

    • Cognitive Neuropsychology is the study of how the brain affects behaviour and the cognitive processes like memory.
    • Memory's function is to predict what's going to happen next based on previous experiences.
    • Key factors for memory evolution: danger, food, and partners.

    Memory - Chapter 9, Part 2

    • Memory function, also referred to as the memory's 'gist', is predicting the future after having previous experience.
    • Generalisation: Applying past experience to similar experiences.
    • Memory is like a Wikipedia page - information can be added or changed.
    • Memory reconsolidation theory; following reactivation, memory traces return to a labile state.

    Memory Stages

    • Encoding: Acquisition and selection of information to be stored.
    • Consolidation: Stabilizing the memory in the long-term memory.
    • Storage: Permanent record of information.
    • Retrieval: Accessing stored information.
    • Reconsolidation: Retrieving stored information.

    Amnesia Syndrome

    • Anterograde amnesia: Loss of memory for events after a lesion or injury.
    • Retrograde amnesia: Loss of memory for events before a lesion or injury.
    • The Ribot Gradient (Temporal Gradient): a.k.a. Ribot's law; amnesia is more severe for recent memories.
    • Patient H.M.: A famous case study of memory loss, resulting from surgery to treat epilepsy.

    Patient H.M. - Deficits

    • Anterograde amnesia (since lesion): Problems with encoding of new information .
    • Retrograde amnesia (prior to lesion): Problems with recalling information before the lesion.
    • Semantic memory (essentially frozen in 50s)
    • Intact working memory: Can remember short sequences of numbers.
    • Intact skill memory: Can improve on motor tasks, even without remembering training.

    Memory Function: Diagram

    • A diagram from slide 8 and 9 showing the structure and connections of different types of memories.

    Hippocampal Place Cells

    • Hippocampal cells fire at particular locations within a place.
    • Helps in creating a 'map' of space.
    • Used to encode where information occurred.

    Memory Consolidation

    • Process of transforming immediate memories into long-term memories.
    • Takes a significant amount of time.
    • Explains the different types of amnesias (retrograde and anterograde).

    Theories of Consolidation

    • Standard theory (Squire): Memories become independent of the hippocampus over time after being formed.
    • Multiple Trace Theory (Moscovitch): Semantic context-free memories become independent of the hippocampus, but episodic memories always depend on the hippocampus.

    Testing Reconsolidation

    • ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy) can disrupt memory.
    • ECT only affects reactivated memories.
    • ECT can be used to investigate memory reconsolidation.
      • Different reactivation and test times.
      • Different test groups (e.g. control group).

    Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy

    • EMDR is used in the treatment of PTSD patients;
    • Eye movements during extinction may cause amygdala deactivation.
    • This is another alternative to test memory reconsolidation.

    Memory Systems

    • Declarative memory (Explicit memory)
      • Episodic: Personal memories, with conscious awareness of time and place.
      • Semantic: General knowledge of the world, without a particular time or place associated.
    • Nondeclarative memory (Implicit memory):
      • Procedural: Motor or cognitive skills.
      • Perceptual priming: Recognizing things more easily after having seen them before.
      • Classical conditioning; Learning a pairing of two stimuli.
      • Non-associative learning; Learning a single stimulus.

    The Medial Temporal Lobe

    • Hippocampus, a key structure for long-term memory formation.
    • The cortex around the hippocampus: helps in normal memory functions.
    • Delayed non-match to sample tasks can be used to test the memory of non-human primates.
    • Amygdala: Not critical for episodic memory but is important for emotional memory.
    • Place cells in the hippocampus: Help in encoding contextual information.

    Imaging

    • Functional MRI: Shows that hippocampus is involved in encoding and retrieval of episodic memories and familiarity.
    • The retrosplenial cortex: Crucial for many types of memory processes.

    Misinformation Effect

    • The misleading information can be incorporated into your memory of an event.
    • This can have serious implications in real-life situations (e.g. legal disputes, recollection of traumatic events).
    • Suggests the malleability of memory.

    Which Brain Regions are Involved in Familiarity Memory?

    • Perirhinal/anterior PHC is important for familiarity memory.

    Retrieval

    • Retrieval pathways: reactivation of areas that provided input initially.
    • Sensory memory information retrieval; retrieving the perception associated with a stimulus/event.

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    Brain and Cognition 3 Week 4 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the crucial role of the hippocampus in memory and spatial navigation. This quiz covers types of memory, the impact of lesions, and methods used to assess these functions. Challenge yourself with matching concepts and answering specific questions related to episodic memory.

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