Hippocampus and Memory Functions Quiz
44 Questions
3 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following regions is NOT involved in memory impairment when damaged?

  • Perirhinal cortex
  • Hippocampus
  • Motor cortex (correct)
  • Parahippocampal cortex

Lesions in the hippocampus alone do not affect episodic memory.

False (B)

What does an episodic memory consist of?

Stimulus and context

The hippocampus is crucial for storing _____ information, including when and where events occurred.

<p>context</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of lesion to its impact on memory:

<p>Hippocampal lesion = Worsened episodic memory Parahippocampal lesion = Increased memory impairment Perirhinal lesion = Affected memory retrieval No lesion = Normal memory function</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to working memory with short delays?

<p>It can solve tasks effectively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Context plays a significant role in forming episodic memories.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which specific areas increase memory impairment when lesions occur?

<p>Parahippocampal, perirhinal, and entorhinal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hippocampus in spatial navigation?

<p>To create a map of space (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lesioned rats can still utilize spatial cues effectively.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the test used to assess the role of the hippocampus in spatial navigation?

<p>Morris water maze</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hippocampus is responsible for encoding the '______' component of episodic memories.

<p>where</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Hippocampus = Creates a map of space Lesioned Rats = Cannot use spatial context cues Morris Water Maze = Tests spatial navigation abilities Spatial Cues = Assists in navigation around space</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Morris water maze, what does it not matter when testing the rats?

<p>Where they are dropped in the tank (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of convicted prisoners were mistakenly identified by an eyewitness and later exonerated according to the Innocence Project?

<p>75% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The function of the hippocampus during cue-based spatial navigation is well understood.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The misinformation effect involves incorporating accurate information into your memory of an event.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe a major limitation observed in rats with hippocampal lesions during the Morris water maze test.

<p>They don't learn to navigate using spatial cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can false identification during a line-up alter?

<p>Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is a critical brain structure involved in memory and spatial navigation.

<p>hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The phenomenon where misleading information is integrated into memory is known as the ________ effect.

<p>misinformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their associated effects:

<p>Hippocampus lesion = Impaired spatial navigation Spatial navigation = Using environmental cues Memory encoding = Storing information in the brain Morris water maze = Experiment assessing spatial learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of not informing a witness that the perpetrator may not be in the line-up?

<p>Increases false identifications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Eyewitness Evidence = Information provided by a person who has seen something happen. Misinformation Effect = Incorporating misleading information into memory. False Identification = Wrongly recognizing someone as a perpetrator. Suggestive Questions = Questions that lead to memory alteration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted a significant investigation into the malleability of memory in 2005?

<p>Loftus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the hippocampus in memory?

<p>Encoding spatial context during navigation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hippocampus has no role in context-dependent memory.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are recorded during navigation for their activity?

<p>Hippocampal place cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of memory being strengthened while sleeping is known as ______.

<p>consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did O'Keefe and Dostrovsky conduct their landmark study on hippocampal cells?

<p>1971 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 2014 Nobel Prize was awarded for research related to the hippocampus and spatial encoding.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is specifically linked with the medial temporal lobe?

<p>Declarative memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of the hippocampus includes exploring the difference between ______ and retrieval.

<p>encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an ongoing area of research in relation to the hippocampus?

<p>Relationships between different types of memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the subsequent memory paradigm described in the study?

<p>To measure brain activity during encoding and retrieval (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The encoding phase of the subsequent memory paradigm involves recalling a list of physical objects.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does fMRI stand for?

<p>functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

During retrieval, the brain activity at encoding is _____ in memory recall.

<p>predictive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the words to their status during retrieval:

<p>Carpet = Remembered Goldfish = Forgotten Mountain = Remembered Airplane = Forgotten</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of the brain is primarily involved in the memory processes discussed?

<p>Hippocampus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study indicates that all words presented during encoding are equally likely to be remembered.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the two sources cited for the principles used in the study.

<p>Brewer ea. 1998 or Wagner ea. 1998</p> Signup and view all the answers

The quality check during retrieval determines whether a word is _____ or forgotten.

<p>remembered</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is measured during the encoding phase according to the design?

<p>Brain activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Delay Non-Match to Sample (DNMS)

A task used to test episodic memory in animals. The animal learns to choose the novel, non-matching stimulus after a delay.

Hippocampus and DNMS performance

The more of the hippocampus that is damaged, the worse the animal performs on the DNMS task, especially when the delay is longer.

Input Regions of the Hippocampus

Regions like the perirhinal, parahippocampal, and entorhinal cortex connect to the hippocampus and play a role in processing information before it reaches the hippocampus.

Hippocampus and Episodic Memory

Damage to the hippocampus disrupts episodic memory but does not affect simple associative learning, which doesn't rely on context.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Episodic Memory Trace

Events are remembered as a combination of the specific stimulus and its context. For example, seeing a friend (stimulus) at the park (context).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Context and Episodic Memory

Episodic memory depends heavily on context - the time, place, and other surrounding details. These factors create a unique memory trace.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hippocampus and Contextual Information

The hippocampus is believed to be involved in storing information about the context of an event, including details like when and where it occurred.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hippocampus and Episodic Memory Encoding

The hippocampus is crucial for the encoding and retrieval of episodic memories.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Memory Consolidation

The process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories, often happening during sleep.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Place Cells

Specialized neurons in the hippocampus that fire when an animal is in a specific location, acting like a 'GPS' for the brain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Episodic Memory

A memory system that allows us to recall specific events, including the context in which they occurred.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Implicit Memory

The ability to remember information without being consciously aware of the process.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Memory Retrieval

The process of accessing previously stored information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Memory Encoding

The process of storing new information into memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Familiarity

The ability to remember specific events, but with some details forgotten or distorted, often over time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Recall

The ability to recall specific details and events, often with greater clarity compared to familiarity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hippocampus

A brain structure crucial for memory, particularly for spatial navigation and episodic memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hippocampus & Spatial Navigation

The hippocampus is a brain region that plays a crucial role in spatial navigation. It's like an internal map maker, helping us build mental representations of our surroundings.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hippocampus & Episodic Memory

Episodic memories are personal experiences that include details about when and where they occurred. The hippocampus plays a key role in encoding the 'where' aspect of these memories, allowing us to remember where we were and what we did.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Morris Water Maze

The Morris water maze is a classic experiment used to study spatial learning and memory in rodents. It involves a pool of water with a hidden platform, and the animals must learn to navigate to find the platform using spatial cues.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hippocampal Lesion & Maze Performance

In the Morris water maze, rats with hippocampal lesions have difficulty finding the hidden platform because they cannot use spatial cues to navigate. They rely on random strategies, as if they had lost their internal map.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Learning in the Morris Water Maze

Learning in the Morris water maze is typically demonstrated by the rat's ability to find the platform more quickly in subsequent trials, indicating their learning of the spatial layout. This shows their capacity to remember the location and navigate effectively.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hippocampal Lesion & Cue-Based Navigation

Rats with hippocampal lesions are impaired in cue-based navigation, indicating the importance of this brain region in interpreting and utilizing spatial cues to guide behavior.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Limitations of Lesion Studies

While hippocampal lesions highlight the brain region's role in spatial navigation, they don't explain the specific processes occurring within the hippocampus during navigation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Morris Water Maze Experiment Significance

Despite the limitations, the Morris water maze experiment provides valuable insight into the hippocampal contribution to spatial learning and memory. It helps us understand the brain mechanisms involved in finding our way.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hippocampus: The Internal Map Maker

Lesions of the hippocampus in rats impair their ability to create and use spatial memories, highlighting the importance of this structure in navigation. This finding suggests that the hippocampus is a critical component of the brain's internal map-making system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

The Morris Water Maze: Exploring Spatial Navigation

The Morris water maze is a valuable tool for studying spatial navigation and learning. It showcases the role of the hippocampus in learning spatial cues, navigating efficiently, and forming spatial memories.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Misinformation Effect

This effect occurs when misleading information is incorporated into a person's memory of an event, potentially altering their recollection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Suggestive Questions & Memory

The way questions are phrased can influence how someone remembers an event. Suggestive questions can lead to inaccurate or altered memories.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eyewitness Testimony & Reliability

Eyewitness testimony is often viewed as highly persuasive but is inherently unreliable. False identifications are common, often due to factors like a suggestive line-up.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Misidentification in Wrongful Convictions

A significant percentage of wrongful convictions are due to mistaken eyewitness identification.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Line-Up Instructions & False IDs

Research shows that a lack of instruction informing a witness that the perpetrator may not be in the line-up increases the likelihood of a false identification.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Innocence Project & Eyewitness Evidence

The Innocence Project has exonerated many wrongly convicted people, highlighting the issue of unreliable eyewitness identification.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Malleability of Memory

The brain's memory system can be manipulated, resulting in inaccurate or fabricated memories.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Subsequent Memory Paradigm

A research method that examines brain activity while someone is learning and then again when they are recalling the learned information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Encoding

The process of converting information into a form that can be stored in long-term memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Retrieval

Remembering information that was previously learned.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Predictive Brain Activity

Brain activity during encoding that predicts whether information will be successfully remembered later.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Input Regions

Brain areas, like the perirhinal, parahippocampal, and entorhinal cortex, that process information before it reaches the hippocampus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Memory Quality

A measure of the strength or quality of a memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

External Attention

A brain state in which attention is focused on the external world, as opposed to internal thoughts and feelings.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Memory - Chapter 9, Part 1

  • Cognitive Neuropsychology is the study of how the brain affects behaviour and the cognitive processes like memory.
  • Memory's function is to predict what's going to happen next based on previous experiences.
  • Key factors for memory evolution: danger, food, and partners.

Memory - Chapter 9, Part 2

  • Memory function, also referred to as the memory's 'gist', is predicting the future after having previous experience.
  • Generalisation: Applying past experience to similar experiences.
  • Memory is like a Wikipedia page - information can be added or changed.
  • Memory reconsolidation theory; following reactivation, memory traces return to a labile state.

Memory Stages

  • Encoding: Acquisition and selection of information to be stored.
  • Consolidation: Stabilizing the memory in the long-term memory.
  • Storage: Permanent record of information.
  • Retrieval: Accessing stored information.
  • Reconsolidation: Retrieving stored information.

Amnesia Syndrome

  • Anterograde amnesia: Loss of memory for events after a lesion or injury.
  • Retrograde amnesia: Loss of memory for events before a lesion or injury.
  • The Ribot Gradient (Temporal Gradient): a.k.a. Ribot's law; amnesia is more severe for recent memories.
  • Patient H.M.: A famous case study of memory loss, resulting from surgery to treat epilepsy.

Patient H.M. - Deficits

  • Anterograde amnesia (since lesion): Problems with encoding of new information .
  • Retrograde amnesia (prior to lesion): Problems with recalling information before the lesion.
  • Semantic memory (essentially frozen in 50s)
  • Intact working memory: Can remember short sequences of numbers.
  • Intact skill memory: Can improve on motor tasks, even without remembering training.

Memory Function: Diagram

  • A diagram from slide 8 and 9 showing the structure and connections of different types of memories.

Hippocampal Place Cells

  • Hippocampal cells fire at particular locations within a place.
  • Helps in creating a 'map' of space.
  • Used to encode where information occurred.

Memory Consolidation

  • Process of transforming immediate memories into long-term memories.
  • Takes a significant amount of time.
  • Explains the different types of amnesias (retrograde and anterograde).

Theories of Consolidation

  • Standard theory (Squire): Memories become independent of the hippocampus over time after being formed.
  • Multiple Trace Theory (Moscovitch): Semantic context-free memories become independent of the hippocampus, but episodic memories always depend on the hippocampus.

Testing Reconsolidation

  • ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy) can disrupt memory.
  • ECT only affects reactivated memories.
  • ECT can be used to investigate memory reconsolidation.
    • Different reactivation and test times.
    • Different test groups (e.g. control group).

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy

  • EMDR is used in the treatment of PTSD patients;
  • Eye movements during extinction may cause amygdala deactivation.
  • This is another alternative to test memory reconsolidation.

Memory Systems

  • Declarative memory (Explicit memory)
    • Episodic: Personal memories, with conscious awareness of time and place.
    • Semantic: General knowledge of the world, without a particular time or place associated.
  • Nondeclarative memory (Implicit memory):
    • Procedural: Motor or cognitive skills.
    • Perceptual priming: Recognizing things more easily after having seen them before.
    • Classical conditioning; Learning a pairing of two stimuli.
    • Non-associative learning; Learning a single stimulus.

The Medial Temporal Lobe

  • Hippocampus, a key structure for long-term memory formation.
  • The cortex around the hippocampus: helps in normal memory functions.
  • Delayed non-match to sample tasks can be used to test the memory of non-human primates.
  • Amygdala: Not critical for episodic memory but is important for emotional memory.
  • Place cells in the hippocampus: Help in encoding contextual information.

Imaging

  • Functional MRI: Shows that hippocampus is involved in encoding and retrieval of episodic memories and familiarity.
  • The retrosplenial cortex: Crucial for many types of memory processes.

Misinformation Effect

  • The misleading information can be incorporated into your memory of an event.
  • This can have serious implications in real-life situations (e.g. legal disputes, recollection of traumatic events).
  • Suggests the malleability of memory.

Which Brain Regions are Involved in Familiarity Memory?

  • Perirhinal/anterior PHC is important for familiarity memory.

Retrieval

  • Retrieval pathways: reactivation of areas that provided input initially.
  • Sensory memory information retrieval; retrieving the perception associated with a stimulus/event.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Brain and Cognition 3 Week 4 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the crucial role of the hippocampus in memory and spatial navigation. This quiz covers types of memory, the impact of lesions, and methods used to assess these functions. Challenge yourself with matching concepts and answering specific questions related to episodic memory.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser