Hip and Knee Joint Anatomy Quiz

Anatomy and Physiology - ANAT 1010 - Week 10 Schedule

• All assignments are due by November 29th
• Monday 11/11: Muscles and Joints (Lower Limb)
• Friday 11/11: Muscles and Joints (Lower Limb)
• Monday 18/11: Muscles and Joints (Online)
• Friday 25/11: Muscle Action - Presentation (Mini presentation)
• Mini Presentation
• Exam Prep
• Class Prep
• MCQ Exam
• In-person Exam

Hip Joint Summary

• Ball and socket synovial joint
• Connects lower limb to the pelvic girdle
• Articulations: acetabulum and head of femur
• Designed for stability and weight bearing

Hip Joint Movements

• Flexion: 10°-15°
• Extension: 110°-120°
• Internal Rotation: 30°-45°
• External Rotation: 40°-60°
• Abduction: 45°

Joint Articulations

• The hip joint is enclosed by a strong fibrous capsule lined by synovial membrane
• The capsule attaches proximally to the acetabulum and distally to the intertrochanteric line anteriorly and the femoral neck posteriorly.
• Its cavity is deepened by a fibrocartilaginous collar (acetabular labrum)
• The head of the femur is hemispherical fitting completely into the acetabulum.
• Both the acetabulum and the head of the femur are covered with articular cartilage that thickens at weight-bearing points.

Ligaments of the Hip

• Iliofemoral: arises from the anterior inferior iliac spine, bifurcates before inserting into the intertrochanteric line; prevents hyperextension, strongest
• Pubofemoral: spans between the superior pubic rami and the intertrochanteric line of the femur; prevents abduction and extension.
• Ischiofemoral: spans between the body of the ischium and the greater trochanter of the femur; prevents hyperextension and holds femoral head in acetabulum
• Intracapsular ligaments: transverse ligament of the acetabulum and ligament of the head of the femur

Hip Muscles and Movement

• Flexion: iliacus, psoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, pectineus
• Extension: gluteus maximus; semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris (hamstrings)
• Abduction: gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis, tensor fascia latae
• Adduction: adductors longus, brevis, magnus, pectineus, gracilis
• Lateral Rotation: biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, piriformis, obturators, gemelli, quadratus femoris
• Medial Rotation: anterior fibers of gluteus medius, minimus, tensor fascia latae

Knee Joint Summary

• Modified hinge-type synovial joint
• Articulations between the patella, femur, and tibia

Knee Joint Movements

• Flexion and extension in the sagittal plane
• Limited medial rotation in a flexed position and during extension (unlocking and flexing)

Joint Articulations (Knee)

• Tibiofemoral: medial and lateral condyles of the femur articulate with the tibial condyles. Weight-bearing component
• Patellofemoral: anterior aspect of the distal femur articulates with the patella. Allows quadriceps tendon insertion directly over the knee improving efficiency

Meniscus

• Medial and lateral menisci are fibrocartilage structures.
• Deepen the articular surface of the tibia
• Act as shock absorbers
• Attached to tibial intercondylar area
• Medial meniscus is firmly fixed to the tibial collateral ligament and joint capsule
• Lateral meniscus is smaller and less mobile

Bursae (Knee)

• Suprapatellar, prepatellar, infrapatellar, and semimembranosus bursae
• Synovial fluid-filled sacs reducing wear, found between moving structures in a joint

Knee Ligaments

• Collateral Ligaments: Tibial (medial) and Fibular (lateral)
• Cruciate Ligaments: Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL), Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

Muscles and Movements (Knee)

• Flexion: Hamstrings, gracilis, sartorius, popliteus
• Extension: Biceps femoris, quadriceps
• Lateral Rotation: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracilis, sartorius, popliteus
• Medial Rotation: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracilis, sartorius, popliteus

Additional Facts (Knee)

• Patella is formed within quadriceps femoris tendon, acting as a fulcrum to increase power of knee extensors and stabilise
• Neurovascular supply: genicular anastomoses supplied by femoral and popliteal arteries.
• Nerve supply (Hilton's Law): femoral , tibial, and common fibular nerves (nerves that innervate the muscles that cross the joint)

Knee Summary Slide

• Type: Synovial ball-and-socket, multiaxial
• Articular surfaces: head of femur, lunate surface of acetabulum
• Ligaments: Capsular, iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, Intracapsular (transverse ligament of the acetabulum, ligament of the head of the femur)
• Innervation: Femoral nerve; obturator nerve, superior gluteal nerve, nerve to quadratus femoris
• Blood Supply: medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries; obturator artery; superior and inferior gluteal arteries
• Movements: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external rotation, internal rotation, circumduction

Compartments of the Thigh

• Anterior, posterior, and medial

Anterior Compartment (Thigh)

• Muscles: Psoas, Iliacus, Sartorius, Quadriceps

Posterior Compartment (Thigh)

• Muscles: Hamstrings

Medial Compartment (Thigh)

• Muscles: Adductor longus, brevis, magnus, gracilis

Tibiofibular Joint

• Proximal and distal
• Proximal refers to two articulations between tibia and fibula. Minimal movement function, primarily for stability and weight-bearing

Proximal Tibiofibular Joint

• Articulating surfaces: head of the fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia
• Supporting structures: anterior and posterior superior tibiofibular ligaments, lateral collateral ligament of the knee joint, biceps femoris
• Neurovascular supply: inferior genicular arteries, anterior tibial recurrent arteries, common fibular nerve, nerve to popliteus

Distal Tibiofibular Joint

• Articulating surfaces: fibular notch of the distal tibia and the fibula
• Supporting structures: interosseous membrane and anterior and posterior inferior tibiofibular ligaments
• Neurovascular supply: fibular, anterior and posterior tibial arteries; deep peroneal and tibial nerves

Ankle Joint

• Synovial joint
• Articulations: tibia, fibula, and talus
• Functionally, it is a hinge type joint.
• Arterial supply: Branches of the anterior tibial, posterior tibial and fibular arteries.

Ankle Joint Movements and Muscles

• Plantarflexion: Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, posterior tibialis
• Dorsiflexion: Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus

Ankle Joint Articulating Surfaces

• Posterior talar articular surface (inferior surface of the talus body)
• Posterior calcaneal articular facet (superior surface of the calcaneus)
• Surfaces covered with articular cartilage; bracket-shaped mortise
• Dorsiflexion: anterior part of the talus is held in the mortise (more stable)
• Plantarflexion: posterior part of the talus is held in the mortise (less stable)

Ankle Ligaments

• Medial (Deltoid): four ligaments that fan out from the medial malleolus to the talus, calcaneus and navicular bones; resists over-eversion
• Lateral: Anterior talofibular, Posterior talofibular, Calcaneofibular ligaments; resists over-inversion.

Subtalar Joint

• Articulation between the talus and calcaneus
• Synovial joint, functionally a plane joint.
• Neurovascular supply: posterior tibial and fibular arteries, medial and lateral plantar nerves, deep fibular nerve.

Subtalar Joint Articulating Surfaces

• Inferior surface of the talus body
• Superior surface of the calcaneus
• Covered by articular cartilage.

Subtalar Joint Stability

• Encased by a joint capsule (synovial membrane internally, fibrous externally)
• Supported by three ligaments: posterior, medial, and lateral talocalcaneal ligaments
• Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament provides majority of ligamentous stability

Subtalar Joint Movement

• Produces eversion and inversion (by muscles in lateral compartment).
• Range of movement: 25° – 30° (inversion); 5° – 10° (eversion).

Muscles of the Lower Limb

• Anterior compartment: dorsiflexion (tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus).
• Posterior compartment: plantarflexion (gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, posterior tibialis).

Group Learning Activities

• Identify four lower limb muscles: origin, insertion, and action.
• Utilize worksheets and additional resources (bone games)
• Complete quizzes