Anatomy of Hip and Knee Joints
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary action of the descending part of the trapezius muscle?

  • Rotates the glenoid cavity inferiorly
  • Elevates the scapula (correct)
  • Retracts the scapula
  • Depresses the scapula

Which nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi muscle?

  • Cervical nerve
  • Dorsal scapular nerve
  • Thoracodorsal nerve (correct)
  • Spinal Accessory nerve

Which of the following muscles is responsible for rotating the glenoid cavity superiorly?

  • Trapezius (correct)
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Rhomboid major
  • Levator scapulae

The rhomboid minor muscle attaches to the spinous processes of which vertebrae?

<p>C7 and T1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the actions of the levator scapulae muscle?

<p>Elevates the scapula (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The latissimus dorsi is primarily responsible for which of the following actions?

<p>Extends the shoulder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles act to rotate the scapula and elevate the shoulder region?

<p>Trapezius muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distal attachment of the trapezius muscle?

<p>Lateral third of clavicle and acromion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary muscle action of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB)?

<p>Extends the medial four digits at metacarpophalangeal joints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle has its proximal attachment at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and extends the fifth digit?

<p>Extensor Digiti Minimi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the innervation of the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (ECU)?

<p>Posterior interosseous nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle primarily acts on the second digit of the hand?

<p>Supinator (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distal attachment of the Extensor Digitorum?

<p>Extensor expansion of the medial four digits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle shares an innervation with both the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis and the Extensor Digitorum?

<p>Extensor Digiti Minimi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris?

<p>Adducts the hand at the wrist joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles extends primarily at the metacarpophalangeal joints?

<p>Extensor Digitorum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the Flexor Carpi Radialis?

<p>Flexes and abducts the hand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for flexing the distal phalanges of the 4th and 5th digits?

<p>Flexor Digitorum Profundus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris?

<p>Ulnar nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distal attachment of the Palmaris Longus?

<p>Apex of palmar aponeurosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle acts to flex the middle phalanges at proximal interphalangeal joints of the middle four digits?

<p>Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proximal attachment of the Flexor Pollicis Longus?

<p>Anterior surface of radius (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer does the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis belong to?

<p>Intermediate layer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action does the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris perform?

<p>Flexes and adducts the hand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary muscle action of the rhomboid major?

<p>Retracts the scapula (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the supraspinatus muscle?

<p>Suprascapular nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle initiates and assists in arm abduction?

<p>Supraspinatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common action performed by both the teres minor and infraspinatus muscles?

<p>Laterally rotates the arm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is involved in flexing the forearm in all positions?

<p>Brachialis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the triceps brachii muscle?

<p>Extends the forearm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle helps to medially rotate the arm?

<p>Subscapularis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary muscle action of the biceps brachii when the forearm is in a supine position?

<p>Flexes the forearm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle primarily aids in pronating the forearm?

<p>Pronator Teres (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the rotator cuff muscles?

<p>Adducts the arm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary muscle action of the Pronator Quadratus?

<p>Pronates the forearm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the Extensor Pollicis Longus?

<p>Posterior interosseous nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which attachment does the Abductor Pollicis Longus originate?

<p>Posterior surface of the proximal halves of ulna and radius (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for extending the proximal phalanx of the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint?

<p>Extensor Pollicis Brevis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distal attachment point of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus?

<p>Dorsal aspect of the base of the 2nd metacarpal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action is maximal for the Brachioradialis?

<p>Weak flexion of forearm when midpronated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle specifically abducts the thumb?

<p>Abductor Pollicis Longus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the innervation for the Extensor Pollicis Brevis?

<p>Posterior interosseous nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proximal attachment site of the Extensor Indicis muscle?

<p>Posterior surface of distal third of ulna and interosseous membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for innervating the Opponens Pollicis muscle?

<p>Recurrent branch of median nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the Flexor Pollicis Brevis?

<p>Flexes the thumb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle assists in the abduction of the 5th digit?

<p>Abductor Digiti Minimi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What muscle action does the Extensor Indicis perform at the forearm?

<p>Supinates the forearm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as the distal attachment for the Abductor Pollicis Brevis?

<p>Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What muscle draws the 5th metacarpal anterior and rotates it into opposition with the thumb?

<p>Opponens Digiti Minimi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nerve innervates the Deep branch of the ulnar nerve's target muscles?

<p>C8, T1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Trapezius Muscle

A large, triangular muscle covering the back of the neck and upper back, responsible for various scapular movements.

Trapezius Muscle Actions

The trapezius has multiple actions: elevation, depression, retraction, and upward rotation of the scapula.

Latissimus Dorsi Muscle

A large, flat muscle covering the lower back, responsible for extending, adducting, and medially rotating the arm.

Levator Scapulae Muscle

A slender muscle connecting the cervical vertebrae to the medial border of the scapula, responsible for scapular elevation and downward rotation.

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Rhomboid Muscles

A pair of muscles, minor and major, located between the scapula and the vertebral column, responsible for scapular retraction and downward rotation.

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Rhomboid Minor Attachment

The rhomboid minor muscle attaches from the nuchal ligament and C7 and T1 vertebral spinous processes to the medial border of the scapula.

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Latissimus Dorsi Innervation

The thoracodorsal nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi muscle, responsible for its actions.

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Levator Scapulae Innervation

The levator scapulae muscle is innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve and cervical nerves, responsible for its motor control and sensory feedback.

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Rhomboid Muscle Action

Both rhomboid minor and major retract the scapula and rotate its glenoid cavity inferiorly. They also fix the scapula to the thoracic wall.

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Supraspinatus Muscle Action

The supraspinatus initiates abduction of the arm and assists the deltoid in this action. It also acts with other rotator cuff muscles to stabilize the shoulder joint.

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Infraspinatus Muscle Action

The infraspinatus laterally rotates the arm and acts with other rotator cuff muscles to stabilize the shoulder joint.

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Teres Minor Muscle Action

The teres minor laterally rotates the arm and acts with other rotator cuff muscles to stabilize the shoulder joint.

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Teres Major Muscle Action

The teres major adducts and medially rotates the arm.

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Biceps Brachii Muscle Action

The biceps brachii muscle supinates the forearm, flexes the forearm when it is supine, and the short head resists dislocation of the shoulder.

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Coracobrachialis Muscle Action

The coracobrachialis helps flex and adduct the arm and resists dislocation of the shoulder.

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Brachialis Muscle Action

The brachialis flexes the forearm in all positions.

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Pronator Quadratus Action

This muscle pronates the forearm, rotating the hand palm down, and helps stabilize the radius and ulna.

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Abductor Pollicis Longus (APL)

Located in the forearm's posterior compartment, this muscle abducts (moves away) the thumb at the wrist and extends it at the carpometacarpal joint.

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Extensor Pollicis Longus (EPL)

This muscle helps extend the thumb, specifically at the interphalangeal joint, the joint between the two thumb bones.

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Extensor Pollicis Brevis (EPB)

Located in the forearm's posterior compartment, this muscle extends the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint, the joint closest to the base of the thumb.

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Brachioradialis Action

This muscle weakly flexes the forearm, particularly when it's in a mid-pronated position, meaning the palm is facing down, but not fully pronated.

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Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL) Action

This muscle extends and abducts the hand at the wrist joint, moving it away from the body and towards the radial side.

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Muscle Attachment: Proximal

The attachment point of a muscle that is closer to the body's center, usually towards the trunk.

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Muscle Attachment: Distal

The attachment point of a muscle that is farther away from the body's center, usually towards the extremity.

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Extensor Indicis: Action

Extends the index finger and helps with supination of the forearm.

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Extensor Indicis: Origin

The extensor indicis muscle originates from the posterior surface of the distal third of the ulna and the interosseous membrane.

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Extensor Indicis: Insertion

It inserts into the extensor expansion of the second digit (index finger).

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Opponens Pollicis: Purpose

Draws the thumb inward towards the palm and rotates it to oppose the other fingers.

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Opponens Pollicis: Location

The opponens pollicis muscle begins at the scaphoid and trapezium bones and attaches to the first metacarpal.

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Abductor Pollicis Brevis: Action

Moves the thumb away from the palm, bringing it to the side.

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Abductor Pollicis Brevis: Attachment

It originates and inserts on the lateral side of the base of the thumb's proximal phalanx

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Flexor Pollicis Brevis: Action

Bends the thumb towards the palm.

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Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB)

The ECRB is a muscle that extends the wrist and helps to extend the fingers. It originates at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on the base of the third metacarpal. The ECRB's primary action is extension of the wrist, but it also contributes to extension of the fingers as a secondary action.

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Extensor Digitorum

This muscle is responsible for extending the fingers and is located on the back of the forearm. It originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on the extensor expansions of the fingers. It extends the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints, helping us to straighten our fingers.

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Extensor Digiti Minimi (EDM)

The EDM is a small muscle that extends the little finger and helps with wrist abduction (moving the hand away from the body). It originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on the extensor expansion of the little finger.

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Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (ECU)

The ECU muscle extends the wrist and helps to supinate (rotate) the forearm. It originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on the base of the fifth metacarpal.

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Supinator Muscle

The supinator muscle is the primary muscle that helps supinate (rotate the forearm so that the palm faces up). It originates on the proximal radius and inserts on the ulna. It's located deep to the other wrist extensors and has a crucial role in hand movements.

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What is the common origin for most of the extensor muscles of the forearm?

Most extensor muscles of the forearm originate from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. This point is commonly referred to as the 'common extensor origin'.

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Which nerve innervates most of the extensor muscles of the forearm?

The deep branch of the radial nerve provides innervation to most of the extensor muscles of the forearm. This nerve originates from the brachial plexus and carries motor signals to these muscles.

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What is the primary action of the Extensor Digitorum?

The Extensor Digitorum muscle's primary action is to extend the middle four fingers. This action allows us to straighten our fingers.

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FCR (Flexor Carpi Radialis)

A muscle located on the radial side of the forearm, responsible for flexing and abducting (moving away from midline) the hand at the wrist.

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FCR Attachment

The FCR attaches to the medial epicondyle of the humerus (common flexor origin) proximally and the base of the 2nd metacarpal distally.

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Palmaris Longus

A muscle located in the forearm, responsible for flexing the hand at the wrist and tensing the palmar aponeurosis (a fibrous sheet covering the palm).

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FCU (Flexor Carpi Ulnaris)

A muscle located on the ulnar side of the forearm, responsible for flexing and adducting (moving towards midline) the hand at the wrist.

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FDS (Flexor Digitorum Superficialis)

A muscle located in the forearm, responsible for flexing the middle (proximal interphalangeal) joints of the middle four fingers.

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FDP (Flexor Digitorum Profundus)

A muscle located in the forearm, responsible for flexing the last (distal interphalangeal) joints of the index, middle, ring, and little fingers.

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FPL (Flexor Pollicis Longus)

A muscle located in the forearm, responsible for flexing the last (distal interphalangeal) joint of the thumb.

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FPL Attachment

The FPL attaches to the anterior surface of the radius and adjacent interosseous membrane proximally and the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb distally.

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Study Notes

Close-Packed and Open-Packed Positions of Joints

  • Close-Packed Position: The position of a joint where the congruency of the articulating surfaces is greatest, maximizing joint stability and ligament tension. This position can be more prone to injury if improperly stressed
  • Open-Packed Position (Resting Position): A joint position with more mobility, less stress on ligaments, and more congruency between articulating surfaces, promoting joint health and fluid flow.

Muscles of Anterior Thigh Acting at Hip Joint

  • Pectineus: Adducts and slightly flexes the hip; assists with lateral rotation
  • Iliopsoas (Psoas Major and Minor, Iliacus): Flexes and laterally rotates the hip and stabilizes the hip joint when standing
  • Sartorius: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the hip at the hip joint; also flexes the knee.

Muscles of Anterior Thigh Acting at Knee Joint

  • Quadriceps Femoris (Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Intermedius): Extends the knee joint, and steadies the hip joint; helps flex the hip
  • Rectus Femoris: Also assists iliopsoas in hip flexion

Muscles of Adductor Compartment of Thigh

  • Adductor Longus: Adducts the hip joint
  • Adductor Brevis: Adducts the hip joint and slightly flexes it
  • Adductor Magnus: Adducts the hip joint, flexes hip joint (adductor part), extends hip joint (hamstring part)

Muscles of Superficial Back

  • Trapezius: Elevates, retracts, and rotates the scapula; extends the neck
  • Latissimus Dorsi: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus

Deep Posterior Axio-Appendicular Muscles (Intrinsic Shoulder)

  • Levator Scapulae: Elevates the scapula
  • Rhomboid Minor and Major: Retract the scapula, and rotate the scapula's glenoid cavity inferiorly

Superficial Anterior Axio-Appendicular Muscles

  • Pectoralis major: Adducts and medially rotates the humerus; draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly
  • Pectoralis minor: Stabilizes the scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against the thoracic wall
  • Subclavius: Anchors and depresses the clavicle
  • Serratus anterior: Protracts the scapula and holds it against the thoracic wall; rotates the scapula

Superficial Intrinsic Muscles of the Back

  • Splenius: Unilaterally: laterally flexes the neck and rotates to the opposite side; Bilaterally: extends the head and neck.

Deep Intrinsic Muscles of the Back

  • Transversospinalis, Semispinalis, Multifidus, Rotatores: Stabilize the vertebrae during movements and assist in local extension and rotation.

Scapula-Humeral (Intrinsic Shoulder) Muscles

  • Deltoid: Flexion, abduction, and extension of the arm, depending on which part is active. (anterior, middle, posterior)
  • Supraspinatus: Abduction of the arm
  • Infraspinatus: Laterally rotates the arm
  • Teres Minor: Laterally rotates the arm
  • Subscapularis: Medially rotates the arm

Anterior Compartment of Forearm Muscles

  • Brachioradialis: Flexes the forearm (weak)
  • Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus: extends and abducts the hand at the wrist
  • Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis: extends and abducts the hand at the wrist.
  • Extensor digitorum: extends digits primarily at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints.
  • Extensor digiti minimi: extends the fifth digit
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris: extends and adducts the hand at the wrist; assists in fist clenching

Anterior Compartment of Forearm Muscles (continued)

  • Supinator: Supinates the forearm
  • Extensor indicis: extends the second digit
  • Abductor pollicis longus: abducts thumb, extends at carpometacarpal joint
  • Extensor pollicis longus: extends distal phalanx of thumb
  • Extensor pollicis brevis: extends proximal phalanx of thumb

Intrinsic Muscles of Hand

  • Thenar Muscles (Opponens Pollicis, Abductor Pollicis brevis, Flexor Pollicis brevis, Adductor Pollicis): oppose the thumb, abduct, flex and adduct thumb.
  • Hypothenar Muscles (Abductor Digiti Minimi, Flexor Digiti Minimi, Opponens Digiti Minimi): oppose the little finger, abduct, flex, and adduct little finger
  • Lumbricals: flex metacarpophalangeal joint and extend interphalangeal joints
  • Interossei: Abduct or Adduct the second to fifth fingers.

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