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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the thymus gland in the lymphatic system?
What is the primary function of the thymus gland in the lymphatic system?
Which type of blood is considered the universal donor for emergencies?
Which type of blood is considered the universal donor for emergencies?
How do lymph nodes assist in the immune response?
How do lymph nodes assist in the immune response?
What can poor nutrition interfere with in the context of hematopoiesis?
What can poor nutrition interfere with in the context of hematopoiesis?
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What is a function of the spleen in the lymphatic system?
What is a function of the spleen in the lymphatic system?
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What is the role of macrophages in lymph fluid?
What is the role of macrophages in lymph fluid?
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What is a common effect of antiplatelet medications on hematopoietic function?
What is a common effect of antiplatelet medications on hematopoietic function?
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In terms of immune function, what type of cells mainly reside in lymph nodes?
In terms of immune function, what type of cells mainly reside in lymph nodes?
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Which disorder can result from foreign travel and parasitic infections?
Which disorder can result from foreign travel and parasitic infections?
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What immediate sign should be established when assessing hematologic function?
What immediate sign should be established when assessing hematologic function?
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What is the main function of erythrocytes in the blood?
What is the main function of erythrocytes in the blood?
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Which type of stem cells produces all blood cells in the bone marrow?
Which type of stem cells produces all blood cells in the bone marrow?
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Which of the following vitamins is required for the maturation of red blood cells?
Which of the following vitamins is required for the maturation of red blood cells?
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What initiates the production of erythrocytes?
What initiates the production of erythrocytes?
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In what form is hemoglobin when it is saturated with oxygen?
In what form is hemoglobin when it is saturated with oxygen?
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Which component of blood comprises the largest percentage by volume?
Which component of blood comprises the largest percentage by volume?
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What is the primary function of the lymphatic system in relation to blood cells?
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system in relation to blood cells?
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What percentage of total blood is formed by red blood cells?
What percentage of total blood is formed by red blood cells?
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Which component of the blood is responsible for immunity?
Which component of the blood is responsible for immunity?
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What happens to the iron component of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed?
What happens to the iron component of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed?
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Which vitamin enhances the absorption of folic acid and iron important for red blood cell formation?
Which vitamin enhances the absorption of folic acid and iron important for red blood cell formation?
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What is the main function of neutrophils in the bloodstream?
What is the main function of neutrophils in the bloodstream?
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Which of the following best describes the lifespan of platelets?
Which of the following best describes the lifespan of platelets?
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What is a characteristic function of B lymphocytes?
What is a characteristic function of B lymphocytes?
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Which component of the blood is primarily involved in forming blood clots?
Which component of the blood is primarily involved in forming blood clots?
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In which condition would you expect leukocytosis to occur?
In which condition would you expect leukocytosis to occur?
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Which blood type is known as the universal donor?
Which blood type is known as the universal donor?
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What condition describes decreased white blood cell counts?
What condition describes decreased white blood cell counts?
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What role does Vitamin E play in relation to blood cells?
What role does Vitamin E play in relation to blood cells?
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What characterizes the agranulocytes within the white blood cells?
What characterizes the agranulocytes within the white blood cells?
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What is a common symptom of sickle cell anemia?
What is a common symptom of sickle cell anemia?
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Which diagnostic test is specifically used for screening abnormal Hemoglobin S?
Which diagnostic test is specifically used for screening abnormal Hemoglobin S?
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What is the primary cause of the vaso-occlusive crisis in sickle cell anemia?
What is the primary cause of the vaso-occlusive crisis in sickle cell anemia?
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Which treatment option is commonly used to manage sickle cell crisis pain?
Which treatment option is commonly used to manage sickle cell crisis pain?
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What pathophysiological change occurs in the blood of individuals with sickle cell anemia?
What pathophysiological change occurs in the blood of individuals with sickle cell anemia?
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What is a common gastrointestinal effect of taking iron supplements that the client should be aware of?
What is a common gastrointestinal effect of taking iron supplements that the client should be aware of?
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Which action should a nurse take if a patient experiences gastrointestinal upset from iron supplementation?
Which action should a nurse take if a patient experiences gastrointestinal upset from iron supplementation?
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Which dietary addition can enhance iron absorption when taking iron supplements?
Which dietary addition can enhance iron absorption when taking iron supplements?
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What should be the nurse’s priority action to prevent accidental iron poisoning in children?
What should be the nurse’s priority action to prevent accidental iron poisoning in children?
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What is the recommended practice regarding iron supplements and antacids?
What is the recommended practice regarding iron supplements and antacids?
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Which symptom is commonly associated with iron-deficiency anemia?
Which symptom is commonly associated with iron-deficiency anemia?
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What would a complete blood count (CBC) for a patient with iron-deficiency anemia most likely reveal?
What would a complete blood count (CBC) for a patient with iron-deficiency anemia most likely reveal?
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Which treatment option is considered first-line for severe cases of iron-deficiency anemia?
Which treatment option is considered first-line for severe cases of iron-deficiency anemia?
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What is a critical nursing management strategy when administering iron supplements?
What is a critical nursing management strategy when administering iron supplements?
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In the pathophysiology of iron-deficiency anemia, what primarily leads to the condition?
In the pathophysiology of iron-deficiency anemia, what primarily leads to the condition?
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What common compensatory mechanism would a nurse monitor in a patient with anemia?
What common compensatory mechanism would a nurse monitor in a patient with anemia?
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Which of the following assessment findings might indicate acute hypovolemic anemia?
Which of the following assessment findings might indicate acute hypovolemic anemia?
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What specific finding would indicate microcytic anemia in a peripheral blood smear?
What specific finding would indicate microcytic anemia in a peripheral blood smear?
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Which nursing intervention is most relevant for managing a patient with iron-deficiency anemia?
Which nursing intervention is most relevant for managing a patient with iron-deficiency anemia?
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In a case of chronic blood loss leading to anemia, which assessment finding would likely be observed?
In a case of chronic blood loss leading to anemia, which assessment finding would likely be observed?
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What is one of the primary causes of inadequate production of red blood cells leading to anemia?
What is one of the primary causes of inadequate production of red blood cells leading to anemia?
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What might be an important recommendation for a patient taking oral iron supplements?
What might be an important recommendation for a patient taking oral iron supplements?
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Which of the following conditions could result from prolonged iron deficiency?
Which of the following conditions could result from prolonged iron deficiency?
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If a patient experiences dyspnea during minor exertion, what condition might be suspected?
If a patient experiences dyspnea during minor exertion, what condition might be suspected?
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What is a common sign or symptom associated with Hodgkin disease?
What is a common sign or symptom associated with Hodgkin disease?
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Which of the following is NOT typically used in the diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma?
Which of the following is NOT typically used in the diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What is a potential long-term complication of chemotherapy in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is a potential long-term complication of chemotherapy in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What is a common immunosuppression-related risk for patients undergoing treatment for Hodgkin disease?
What is a common immunosuppression-related risk for patients undergoing treatment for Hodgkin disease?
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Which of the following treatment approaches is a primary option for managing localized Hodgkin disease?
Which of the following treatment approaches is a primary option for managing localized Hodgkin disease?
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What cytokine is primarily released by Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin lymphoma?
What cytokine is primarily released by Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What is often the first consideration in nursing management for patients with Hodgkin lymphoma?
What is often the first consideration in nursing management for patients with Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which of the following statements regarding immunotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma is true?
Which of the following statements regarding immunotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma is true?
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What is a common environmental trigger for Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas?
What is a common environmental trigger for Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas?
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Which characteristic differentiates aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas from indolent ones?
Which characteristic differentiates aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas from indolent ones?
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What nursing action is essential to minimize infection risk for a client undergoing chemotherapy?
What nursing action is essential to minimize infection risk for a client undergoing chemotherapy?
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What is a potential adverse effect of chemotherapy that nurses should monitor for?
What is a potential adverse effect of chemotherapy that nurses should monitor for?
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Which immunotherapy method involves the use of monoclonal antibodies?
Which immunotherapy method involves the use of monoclonal antibodies?
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What is the focus of nursing management in clients receiving chemotherapy?
What is the focus of nursing management in clients receiving chemotherapy?
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Which statement accurately describes the pathophysiology of Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas?
Which statement accurately describes the pathophysiology of Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas?
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What is one major risk factor associated with contracting infections in clients with Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
What is one major risk factor associated with contracting infections in clients with Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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Which nursing intervention is essential for a patient who has undergone a mastectomy to ensure proper lymphatic fluid flow?
Which nursing intervention is essential for a patient who has undergone a mastectomy to ensure proper lymphatic fluid flow?
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What is the most common presenting age group for infectious mononucleosis?
What is the most common presenting age group for infectious mononucleosis?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with infectious mononucleosis?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with infectious mononucleosis?
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What type of microorganism is primarily responsible for lymphangitis?
What type of microorganism is primarily responsible for lymphangitis?
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When should a nurse encourage a patient with infectious mononucleosis to rest?
When should a nurse encourage a patient with infectious mononucleosis to rest?
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Which diagnostic test is commonly used to confirm infectious mononucleosis?
Which diagnostic test is commonly used to confirm infectious mononucleosis?
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Which of the following is a primary nursing management strategy for lymphatic disorders?
Which of the following is a primary nursing management strategy for lymphatic disorders?
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Which sign is most indicative of lymphadenitis?
Which sign is most indicative of lymphadenitis?
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What should be prioritized in the nursing management of a patient with infectious mononucleosis?
What should be prioritized in the nursing management of a patient with infectious mononucleosis?
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Which method is commonly suggested for providing comfort to a patient with a sore throat due to infectious mononucleosis?
Which method is commonly suggested for providing comfort to a patient with a sore throat due to infectious mononucleosis?
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Which nursing intervention is most critical in managing patients experiencing nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy?
Which nursing intervention is most critical in managing patients experiencing nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy?
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What is a significant side effect of chemotherapy that nurses must monitor closely?
What is a significant side effect of chemotherapy that nurses must monitor closely?
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In providing patient care during chemotherapy, which of the following strategies is beneficial for enhancing the patient's meal experience?
In providing patient care during chemotherapy, which of the following strategies is beneficial for enhancing the patient's meal experience?
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Which of the following routes is NOT typically used for administering chemotherapy?
Which of the following routes is NOT typically used for administering chemotherapy?
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What common side effect should a nurse expect and assess for in a patient undergoing chemotherapy?
What common side effect should a nurse expect and assess for in a patient undergoing chemotherapy?
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What is the primary purpose of a Peripheral Stem Cell Transplant?
What is the primary purpose of a Peripheral Stem Cell Transplant?
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Which dietary modification is recommended for patients undergoing cancer treatment to manage side effects?
Which dietary modification is recommended for patients undergoing cancer treatment to manage side effects?
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How should a nurse help a terminally ill client manage discomfort?
How should a nurse help a terminally ill client manage discomfort?
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What is a potential side effect of chemotherapy that patients should be informed about?
What is a potential side effect of chemotherapy that patients should be informed about?
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Which nursing diagnosis focuses on ensuring adequate nutrient intake during cancer treatment?
Which nursing diagnosis focuses on ensuring adequate nutrient intake during cancer treatment?
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Which diagnostic method is commonly used to determine the tumor density, size, and location?
Which diagnostic method is commonly used to determine the tumor density, size, and location?
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Which of the following correctly describes a common sign of cancer as per the CAUTION acronym?
Which of the following correctly describes a common sign of cancer as per the CAUTION acronym?
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What is the primary reason for conducting periodic physical examinations in cancer prevention?
What is the primary reason for conducting periodic physical examinations in cancer prevention?
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Which risk factor is most likely to contribute significantly to the development of oral cancer?
Which risk factor is most likely to contribute significantly to the development of oral cancer?
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What role do tumor markers play in cancer diagnostics?
What role do tumor markers play in cancer diagnostics?
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What is a potential side effect of radiation therapy?
What is a potential side effect of radiation therapy?
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In cancer patient care, what is the primary advantage of teaching self-examination techniques?
In cancer patient care, what is the primary advantage of teaching self-examination techniques?
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Which diagnostic method involves the use of a contrast medium to visualize body structures?
Which diagnostic method involves the use of a contrast medium to visualize body structures?
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Study Notes
Hematopoietic and Lymphatic Systems
- The hematopoietic system manufactures and develops blood cells.
- The lymphatic system assists in the maturation of lymphocytes (white blood cells).
- The thymus gland and the spleen are part of the lymphatic system.
- Key structures in the hematopoietic system include bone marrow.
- Blood is composed of cells suspended in plasma, with 55% being plasma, 45% being red blood cells (RBCs), and less than 1% being buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets).
- Pluripotential stem cells are myeloid and lymphoid stem cells.
- Myeloid stem cells make blood components like erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets (thrombocytes).
- Lymphoid stem cells produce lymphocytes.
- Erythrocytes (RBCs) transport oxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2).
- Erythrocytes have a flexible shape, are anuclear, biconcave, and circulate for 120 days.
- Erythropoiesis is regulated by erythropoietin, a hormone released by the kidney.
- Erythropoiesis needs iron, B vitamins (B12, B6), and folate.
- Hemoglobin gives blood its red color and contains iron.
- Hemoglobin carries oxygen to cells.
- Adult normal ranges for hemoglobin are 12.0 - 17.4 g/dL.
- Oxyhemoglobin picks up oxygen during oxygenation.
- Deoxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen and acquires carbon dioxide.
- Destroyed RBCs return iron to the red marrow.
- The spleen and liver remove dead or damaged RBCs.
- Bilirubin is the residual pigment from destroyed erythrocytes.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Hematopoietic System
- Hematopoietic system structures include bone marrow, blood, and blood groups.
- Bone marrow is soft tissue filling the spaces in long and spongy bones.
- It manufactures blood cells.
- Two types of bone marrow exist:
- Red marrow found in ribs, sternum, skull, clavicles, vertebrae, iliac crest, and proximal ends of long bones; produces blood cells and hemoglobin.
- Yellow marrow, consisting of fat cells and connective tissue, can form blood cells under intense stimulation.
Hematopoietic System (continued)
- Blood consists of cells suspended in plasma.
- Pluripotential stem cells include myeloid and lymphoid stem cells.
- Blood cells are produced in bone marrow.
- Myeloid stem cells produce components of blood (e.g., erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), while lymphoid stem cells produce lymphocytes.
Components of Blood
- Plasma comprises 55% of total blood volume.
- Buffy coat, containing leukocytes and platelets, accounts for less than 1% of total blood volume.
- Red blood cells (RBCs) make up 45% of total blood volume.
Erythrocytes
- Erythrocytes transport oxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from tissues.
- They are flexible, anuclear, biconcave, and circulate for 120 days.
- Erythropoiesis, the production of RBCs, is regulated by erythropoietin released by the kidney.
- RBC production requires iron and B vitamins.
- Hemoglobin is the iron-containing pigment that gives blood its red color and carries oxygen.
- Adult normal hemoglobin range is 12.0-17.4 g/dL.
Erythrocytes (continued)
- Oxygenated hemoglobin becomes oxyhemoglobin as it picks up O2.
- Deoxygenated hemoglobin releases O2 and acquires CO2.
- When erythrocytes are destroyed, iron in hemoglobin is returned to the bone marrow.
- The spleen and liver remove dead and damaged RBCs from circulation.
Question #1
- Vitamin C enhances the absorption of folic acid and iron.
- Vitamin E protects blood cells from hemolytic anemia.
- Vitamin B12 is a coenzyme in hemoglobin formation.
- Iron is a crucial component of heme in hemoglobin.
- Vitamin B12 is essential for the maturation of red blood cells, not for hemoglobin formation.
Question #2
- Type AB blood is compatible with type O blood in an emergency.
Lymphatic System
- The lymphatic system circulates interstitial fluid and carries it to veins.
- It filters and destroys pathogens and removes harmful substances.
- Components include the thymus gland, located in the upper chest, which produces lymphocytes, particularly during fetal development, programming T lymphocytes to be regulator or effector cells.
- The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ, located in the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm, with hematopoietic/immune functions and acting as an emergency blood reservoir.
- It removes bacteria and old or damaged RBCs from circulation.
- Lymph nodes are granular tissues in the axilla, groin, neck, thorax, and abdomen. They assist in draining lymph fluid and contain T and B lymphocytes (from bone marrow).
- Lymph is a plasma-like fluid that passes through lymph nodes; macrophages in the nodes attack and engulf foreign substances.
Hematopoietic and Lymphatic System Assessment
- Health history includes signs/symptoms, when problems began, severity, frequency, dietary history, drug history, allergies, and foreign travel.
- Physical examination of skin, pulse, lymph nodes, and tonsils is essential to evaluate color, temperature, ecchymosis, lesions, rapid pulse indicating reduced RBCs and insufficient hemoglobin, and lymph node tenderness or enlargement.
- Diagnostic testing may include CBC, PT, APTT, fibrinogen, D-dimer, factor assays, bone marrow aspiration to check blood cell formation, Schilling tests to determine vitamin B12 deficiency, non-specific tests (lymph node biopsy, spleen ultrasound, lymphangiography, X-ray, CT scan, bone scan, MRI).
Nursing Management
- Nursing management for hematopoietic and lymphatic systems involves collecting data (vital signs, medical history, allergies, medication history), assessing client knowledge of procedures, describing routine testing, using standard precautions when collecting specimens, notifying the provider for adverse responses, and analyzing and reporting test results.
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Test your knowledge on the hematopoietic and lymphatic systems, including the development of blood cells and the role of key structures like the thymus gland and spleen. Understand the functions of different blood components and the regulation of erythropoiesis. Challenge yourself with this insightful quiz!
