Hematopoietic and Lymphatic Systems Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the thymus gland in the lymphatic system?

  • Filtering lymph fluid
  • Storing blood
  • Programming T lymphocytes (correct)
  • Producing red blood cells

Which type of blood is considered the universal donor for emergencies?

  • Type AB blood
  • Type B blood
  • Type A blood
  • Type O blood (correct)

How do lymph nodes assist in the immune response?

  • By producing red blood cells
  • By draining excess interstitial fluid
  • By containing T and B lymphocytes (correct)
  • By filtering plasma for nutrients

What can poor nutrition interfere with in the context of hematopoiesis?

<p>Production of blood cells and hemoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of the spleen in the lymphatic system?

<p>Emergency reservoir of blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of macrophages in lymph fluid?

<p>Engulf foreign substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of antiplatelet medications on hematopoietic function?

<p>Inhibition of platelet aggregation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of immune function, what type of cells mainly reside in lymph nodes?

<p>T and B lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder can result from foreign travel and parasitic infections?

<p>Filariasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What immediate sign should be established when assessing hematologic function?

<p>Prolonged bleeding from injuries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of erythrocytes in the blood?

<p>Transport O2 and remove CO2 from tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cells produces all blood cells in the bone marrow?

<p>Pluripotential stem cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vitamins is required for the maturation of red blood cells?

<p>Vitamin B12 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the production of erythrocytes?

<p>Release of erythropoietin from kidneys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what form is hemoglobin when it is saturated with oxygen?

<p>Oxyhemoglobin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood comprises the largest percentage by volume?

<p>Plasma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system in relation to blood cells?

<p>Assist in the maturation of lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total blood is formed by red blood cells?

<p>45% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the blood is responsible for immunity?

<p>White blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the iron component of hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed?

<p>It is returned to red marrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin enhances the absorption of folic acid and iron important for red blood cell formation?

<p>Vitamin C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of neutrophils in the bloodstream?

<p>Defend against bacterial infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the lifespan of platelets?

<p>7.5 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic function of B lymphocytes?

<p>Produce antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the blood is primarily involved in forming blood clots?

<p>Fibrinogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition would you expect leukocytosis to occur?

<p>During a bacterial infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is known as the universal donor?

<p>Type O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition describes decreased white blood cell counts?

<p>Leukopenia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Vitamin E play in relation to blood cells?

<p>Protects against hemolytic anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the agranulocytes within the white blood cells?

<p>Absence of granules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of sickle cell anemia?

<p>Enlarged spleen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is specifically used for screening abnormal Hemoglobin S?

<p>Sickledex Test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the vaso-occlusive crisis in sickle cell anemia?

<p>Inadequate oxygen in the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is commonly used to manage sickle cell crisis pain?

<p>Hydration and opioids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pathophysiological change occurs in the blood of individuals with sickle cell anemia?

<p>Formation of sickle or crescent-shaped RBCs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common gastrointestinal effect of taking iron supplements that the client should be aware of?

<p>Stool discoloration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action should a nurse take if a patient experiences gastrointestinal upset from iron supplementation?

<p>Recommend taking iron with meals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary addition can enhance iron absorption when taking iron supplements?

<p>Orange juice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be the nurse’s priority action to prevent accidental iron poisoning in children?

<p>Keep iron supplements out of children's reach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended practice regarding iron supplements and antacids?

<p>Avoid simultaneous use due to absorption interference (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with iron-deficiency anemia?

<p>Pallor of the skin (A), Cold intolerance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would a complete blood count (CBC) for a patient with iron-deficiency anemia most likely reveal?

<p>Low hemoglobin and hematocrit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is considered first-line for severe cases of iron-deficiency anemia?

<p>Blood transfusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical nursing management strategy when administering iron supplements?

<p>Dilute with juice and use a straw (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the pathophysiology of iron-deficiency anemia, what primarily leads to the condition?

<p>Insufficient iron supply for hemoglobin production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common compensatory mechanism would a nurse monitor in a patient with anemia?

<p>Tachycardia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following assessment findings might indicate acute hypovolemic anemia?

<p>Cold limbs (B), Extreme pallor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific finding would indicate microcytic anemia in a peripheral blood smear?

<p>Smaller-sized RBCs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing intervention is most relevant for managing a patient with iron-deficiency anemia?

<p>Educating about iron-rich foods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a case of chronic blood loss leading to anemia, which assessment finding would likely be observed?

<p>Pallor and fatigue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary causes of inadequate production of red blood cells leading to anemia?

<p>Bone marrow suppression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be an important recommendation for a patient taking oral iron supplements?

<p>Increase vitamin C intake for better absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions could result from prolonged iron deficiency?

<p>Iron-deficiency anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient experiences dyspnea during minor exertion, what condition might be suspected?

<p>Iron-deficiency anemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign or symptom associated with Hodgkin disease?

<p>Painless, enlarged lymph node (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically used in the diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma?

<p>Skin prick test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential long-term complication of chemotherapy in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma?

<p>Anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common immunosuppression-related risk for patients undergoing treatment for Hodgkin disease?

<p>Risk of opportunistic infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatment approaches is a primary option for managing localized Hodgkin disease?

<p>Localized radiation therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cytokine is primarily released by Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin lymphoma?

<p>Interleukin-6 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often the first consideration in nursing management for patients with Hodgkin lymphoma?

<p>Preventing infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding immunotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma is true?

<p>It targets specific cancer cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common environmental trigger for Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas?

<p>Chemical herbicides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas from indolent ones?

<p>They have a shorter onset and are potentially curable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nursing action is essential to minimize infection risk for a client undergoing chemotherapy?

<p>Maintaining sterile techniques during procedures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect of chemotherapy that nurses should monitor for?

<p>Dehydration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immunotherapy method involves the use of monoclonal antibodies?

<p>Monoclonal antibody therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of nursing management in clients receiving chemotherapy?

<p>Assessing fluid intake and adverse effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the pathophysiology of Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas?

<p>They are malignant and originate in lymph glands or lymphoid tissue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major risk factor associated with contracting infections in clients with Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

<p>Immunosuppressive drugs used in treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing intervention is essential for a patient who has undergone a mastectomy to ensure proper lymphatic fluid flow?

<p>Supporting and elevating the arm on the side of the mastectomy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common presenting age group for infectious mononucleosis?

<p>15 to 25 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with infectious mononucleosis?

<p>Red streaks in extremities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of microorganism is primarily responsible for lymphangitis?

<p>Streptococcal microorganisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should a nurse encourage a patient with infectious mononucleosis to rest?

<p>Throughout the illness until fully recovered (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is commonly used to confirm infectious mononucleosis?

<p>Monospot/Monotest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary nursing management strategy for lymphatic disorders?

<p>Elevating the affected extremity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sign is most indicative of lymphadenitis?

<p>Tender and enlarged lymph nodes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be prioritized in the nursing management of a patient with infectious mononucleosis?

<p>Monitor temperature and swelling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is commonly suggested for providing comfort to a patient with a sore throat due to infectious mononucleosis?

<p>Gargling with warm salt water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing intervention is most critical in managing patients experiencing nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy?

<p>Administer IV fluids as needed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant side effect of chemotherapy that nurses must monitor closely?

<p>Myelosuppression leading to decreased blood cell counts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In providing patient care during chemotherapy, which of the following strategies is beneficial for enhancing the patient's meal experience?

<p>Providing music and conversation during meals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following routes is NOT typically used for administering chemotherapy?

<p>Transdermal patch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common side effect should a nurse expect and assess for in a patient undergoing chemotherapy?

<p>Stomatitis and sores in the mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a Peripheral Stem Cell Transplant?

<p>To replace bone marrow destroyed by cancer or its treatments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary modification is recommended for patients undergoing cancer treatment to manage side effects?

<p>Small, frequent meals with adequate calories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should a nurse help a terminally ill client manage discomfort?

<p>Gently carry out tasks to reduce pain and discomfort (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of chemotherapy that patients should be informed about?

<p>Imbalanced nutrition and changes in appetite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing diagnosis focuses on ensuring adequate nutrient intake during cancer treatment?

<p>Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is commonly used to determine the tumor density, size, and location?

<p>Computed tomography (CT) scan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a common sign of cancer as per the CAUTION acronym?

<p>Unusual bleeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for conducting periodic physical examinations in cancer prevention?

<p>To detect cancer early (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which risk factor is most likely to contribute significantly to the development of oral cancer?

<p>Chewing smokeless tobacco (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do tumor markers play in cancer diagnostics?

<p>They indicate the presence of cancer cells in the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of radiation therapy?

<p>Skin irritation and redness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cancer patient care, what is the primary advantage of teaching self-examination techniques?

<p>It empowers patients to identify abnormalities early (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method involves the use of a contrast medium to visualize body structures?

<p>Fluoroscopy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Red Blood Cell Formation Nutrients (EXCEPT)

Vitamin B12 is NOT directly involved in hemoglobin formation, unlike folic acid and vitamin B12 for maturation.

Leukocytes (WBCs)

White blood cells that fight infection and disease by engulfing microorganisms and cellular debris, producing antibodies and destroying harmful substances.

Leukocytosis

An increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood.

Leukopenia

A decrease in the number of white blood cells in the blood.

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Granulocytes

White blood cells with granules in their cytoplasm.

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Agranulocytes

White blood cells without granules in their cytoplasm.

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Neutrophils

A type of granulocyte that is the main component of the inflammatory response and defends against bacterial infection.

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Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Contribute to hemostasis (stopping bleeding) by forming blood clots.

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Plasma (blood)

The liquid part of blood, mostly water, that contains proteins, clotting factors, and other substances.

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Blood Transfusion Compatibility

Blood transfusions require matching blood types (A, B, AB, O) and Rh factors (positive or negative) to prevent hemolysis (destruction of blood cells).

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Hematopoiesis

The process of producing and developing blood cells.

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Bone Marrow

Soft tissue in bones that produces blood cells.

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Red Marrow

Bone marrow that makes blood cells and hemoglobin.

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Yellow Marrow

Bone marrow containing mostly fat, but can form blood cells in emergencies.

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Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that carry oxygen.

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Erythropoiesis

The process of making red blood cells.

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Hemoglobin

Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

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Oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin carrying oxygen.

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Deoxygenated hemoglobin

Hemoglobin that has released its oxygen.

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Pluripotential stem cells

Cells in bone marrow that can produce all types of blood cells.

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Type AB Blood Transfusion

Individuals with type AB blood can receive blood transfusions from donors with any blood type (A, B, AB, or O) because they possess both A and B antigens.

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Type O Blood Transfusion

Type O blood is considered the 'universal donor' because it lacks both A and B antigens, making it compatible with all blood types.

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Lymphatic System Function

The lymphatic system circulates interstitial fluid, carries it to veins, filters pathogens, and removes harmful substances.

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Thymus Gland Role

The thymus gland, located in the upper chest, produces lymphocytes during fetal development and after birth, programs T lymphocytes to become regulatory or effector cells.

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Spleen Function

The spleen, located in the abdomen, acts as the largest lymphatic structure, serves as a blood reservoir, removes bacteria and old/damaged red blood cells.

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Lymph Nodes Function

Lymph nodes, found in the axilla, groin, neck, and large vessels, filter lymph fluid and contain T and B lymphocytes to fight infection.

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Lymph Fluid Composition

Lymph fluid is similar to plasma, containing proteins, clotting factors, and other substances.

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Hematopoietic Assessment

Assessing someone's hematopoietic system involves gathering health history, conducting physical examinations, monitoring lab results, and investigating any signs/symptoms related to blood and lymphatic cells.

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Factors Affecting Hematopoiesis

Various factors can influence hematopoiesis, including nutrition, medication use, and travel history, impacting blood cell production and function.

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Hematopoietic and Lymphatic Dysfunction

Abnormal bleeding, easy bruising, and impaired clotting are signs of potential hematopoietic and lymphatic dysfunction, signaling underlying issues.

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Iron Absorption Enhancement

Consuming orange juice or other sources of vitamin C alongside iron supplements can significantly improve the body's absorption of iron.

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Iron Dosing Timing

Iron supplements are usually most effectively absorbed when taken on an empty stomach, but if gastric upset occurs, taking them with or immediately after meals is recommended.

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Iron & Antacids

Taking iron supplements simultaneously with antacids can significantly affect iron absorption.

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Parenteral Iron Administration

Parenteral iron injections, used to treat severe iron deficiency, are typically administered intramuscularly using the Z-track method, specifically in the gluteal muscle.

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Iron's Effect on Stool

Iron supplements can cause the stool to appear dark green or black.

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Sickle Cell Anemia: What is it?

Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic disorder where abnormal hemoglobin (HbS) replaces normal hemoglobin (HbF), causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped. This leads to blood vessel blockages, tissue damage, and painful episodes called sickle cell crises.

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Sickle Cell Anemia: Who gets it?

Sickle Cell Anemia is primarily found in people of African American and Mediterranean/Middle Eastern descent. It is often passed down through families.

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Sickle Cell Crisis: What is it?

A sickle cell crisis occurs when sickle-shaped red blood cells block blood vessels, causing pain, tissue damage, and other complications. These crises can be very painful and sometimes require hospitalization.

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Sickle Cell Anemia: How do they diagnose it?

Doctors use tests like the Sickledex Test (Solubility Test) to screen for the abnormal hemoglobin and Hemoglobin electrophoresis to confirm the presence of Sickle Cell Anemia.

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Sickle Cell Anemia: What are the signs and symptoms?

Common symptoms of Sickle Cell Anemia include fatigue, shortness of breath, heart problems, chest pain, pain in the bones and joints, and jaundice. These symptoms can vary in severity and frequency.

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Blood Dyscrasias

Abnormalities in the number or type of blood cells, such as red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs), clotting factors, and platelets, leading to bleeding disorders.

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Anemia

A condition where there is a deficiency of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin, resulting in reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.

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What causes anemia?

Anemia can be caused by blood loss, inadequate production of red blood cells, or destruction of red blood cells.

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Hypovolemic Anemia

Anemia caused by a sudden or chronic loss of blood, leading to decreased blood volume and oxygen-carrying capacity.

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Signs of Hypovolemic Anemia

Signs include: acute hypovolemic shock, extreme pallor, tachycardia, hypotension, reduced urine output, altered consciousness, chronic pallor, fatigue, chills, postural hypotension, and rapid heart and respiratory rates.

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Iron-Deficiency Anemia

Anemia caused by a lack of iron, essential for hemoglobin production, resulting in smaller and paler red blood cells.

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Iron Deficiency Anemia Symptoms

Common symptoms include reduced energy, feeling cold, fatigue and dyspnea with minor exertion, and rapid heart rate even at rest.

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How is Iron Deficiency Anemia Diagnosed?

Diagnosis involves a complete blood count (CBC) showing decreased red blood cells, low hemoglobin/hematocrit, low MCV/MCHC, microcytic red blood cells, and hypochromic (lighter in color) red blood cells on a peripheral blood smear. Occult blood testing may be done if a gastrointestinal bleed is suspected.

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Iron Deficiency Anemia Treatment

Treatment involves dietary changes to increase iron intake, oral, IV, or IM iron supplements to restore hemoglobin levels, and blood transfusions in severe cases.

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Nursing Interventions for Iron Deficiency Anemia

Encourage dietary intake of iron-rich foods, collaborate with a dietician, administer IM iron using the Z-track method, educate clients to minimize fatigue, and instruct on taking oral iron supplements by diluting with juice and drinking through a straw.

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What is the role of Erythrocytes (RBCs) in the body?

Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body via hemoglobin.

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What is Hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that contains iron and is responsible for binding and transporting oxygen.

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What are Reticulocytes?

Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that are released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream. Their number can indicate the body's ability to produce red blood cells.

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What is MCV/MCHC?

MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) measures the average volume of red blood cells, while MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration) measures the average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells.

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Hodgkin lymphoma

A type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.

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Reed-Sternberg cells

Abnormal, giant cells found in the lymph nodes of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. They release cytokines, triggering an inflammatory response.

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Hodgkin lymphoma symptoms

Common symptoms include painless enlarged lymph nodes, weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and itching.

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Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis

Diagnosis involves a lymph node biopsy to identify Reed-Sternberg cells, along with blood tests, imaging studies, and bone marrow aspiration.

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Hodgkin lymphoma treatment

Treatment typically involves radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and sometimes stem cell transplantation.

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Hodgkin lymphoma nursing care

Nursing care focuses on infection prevention, respiratory assessment, supporting mobility, and providing education and emotional support.

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What is the normal incubation period for infectious mononucleosis?

The normal incubation period for infectious mononucleosis is 30 to 50 days after exposure to the virus. The virus remains in the body for the person's lifetime.

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What distinguishes the incubation period of infectious mononucleosis from Hodgkin lymphoma?

Infectious mononucleosis has a longer incubation period (30-50 days) compared to Hodgkin lymphoma, which is typically 10-14 days.

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What are lymphomas?

Cancers of the lymphatic system, where malignant cells develop in the lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue.

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Hodgkin lymphoma vs. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma has a specific type of abnormal cell (Reed-Sternberg cell), while Non-Hodgkin lymphoma has various types.

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Causes of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Genetic predisposition is a strong factor. Environmental triggers can also play a role, such as viral agents, herbicides, pesticides, hair dye, and immunosuppressive drugs.

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Signs of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Lymph node enlargement, often diffuse rather than localized. Two classifications: indolent (slow-growing) and aggressive (fast-growing).

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How is Non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosed?

A biopsy of the lymphoid tissue is essential to confirm the diagnosis and stage the disease.

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Treatment options for Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Radiation and chemotherapy are common treatments. Immunotherapy (MABs) and bone marrow/stem cell transplants can also be used.

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Nursing care for Non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients

Monitor for chemotherapy and radiation side effects. Encourage high fluid intake to help eliminate waste and prevent dehydration.

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What is GVHD?

Graft-versus-host-disease is a potential complication after a bone marrow transplant. The donor cells attack the recipient's tissues.

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Lymphatic Drainage After Mastectomy

Supporting and elevating the arm on the side of a mastectomy helps drain lymphatic fluid and prevent swelling.

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Lymphangitis

Inflammation of lymphatic vessels, often caused by streptococcal bacteria.

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Lymphadenitis

Inflammation of lymph nodes, usually accompanies lymphangitis.

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Infectious Mononucleosis Cause

Infectious mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), spread through saliva.

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Infectious Mononucleosis Symptoms

Symptoms include fatigue, fever, sore throat, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and a faint red rash.

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Infectious Mononucleosis Diagnosis

Diagnosed through a positive Monospot/Monotest, EBV antibody titer, and a CBC showing lymphocytosis.

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Infectious Mononucleosis Management

Treatment focuses on rest, increased fluids, analgesics, and antipyretics. Corticosteroids and antibiotics may be used in some cases.

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Infectious Mononucleosis Nursing Care

Nursing care includes monitoring throat and lymph nodes, encouraging fluid intake, providing comfort, and implementing standard precautions.

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Infectious Mononucleosis Age Group

Infectious mononucleosis typically affects individuals between the ages of 15 and 25.

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Infectious Mononucleosis Transmission

Infectious mononucleosis is spread through close contact, particularly through saliva, such as kissing, sharing drinks, or close contact with someone who is infected.

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Peripheral Stem Cell Transplant

Procedure where healthy stem cells replace those damaged by cancer or treatments. This helps the body rebuild its blood cell production.

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Autologous Transplant

A stem cell transplant using the patient's own frozen stem cells. This reduces the risk of GVHD, but it doesn't work for everyone.

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Allogeneic Transplant

A stem cell transplant using a donor's stem cells. This can lead to GVHD, which is a risk factor.

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GVHD

Graft-versus-host disease, a complication of allogeneic stem cell transplants where donor cells attack the recipient's body.

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Targeted Therapies

Treatments that specifically target cancer cells or processes, minimizing damage to healthy cells. Examples include BRMs, MOABs, and photodynamic therapy.

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Fluid Imbalance

Changes in the balance of fluids in the body, potentially caused by factors like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive sweating.

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Chemotherapy Side Effects

Common side effects of chemotherapy include nausea, vomiting, stomatitis (mouth sores), alopecia (hair loss), myelosuppression (bone marrow suppression), and fatigue.

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Chemotherapy: Cell Cycle Patterns

Chemotherapy drugs often target specific phases of the cell cycle, like synthesis, mitosis, or gaps in cell growth.

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Chemotherapy Routes

Chemotherapy drugs can be administered through various routes, such as IV (intravenous), oral (by mouth), IM (intramuscular), SQ (subcutaneous), topical (on the skin), intrathecal (into the spinal fluid), or intraperitoneal (into the abdominal cavity).

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Chemotherapy Nursing Management: Gout

Monitor for gout, a condition caused by increased uric acid levels, which can be a side effect of certain chemotherapy drugs.

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Oral Cancer Risk Factor

Chewing smokeless tobacco is a major risk factor for developing oral cancer. The nicotine and carcinogens in the tobacco irritate the mouth lining, increasing the risk of abnormal cells and tumors.

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Cancer Warning Signs (CAUTION)

The CAUTION acronym helps remember common warning signs of cancer: Change in bowel/bladder habits, A sore that doesn't heal, Unusual bleeding, Thickening lump, Indigestion, Obvious change in size of a wart or mole, Nagging cough.

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Cancer Prevention Strategies

Preventing cancer involves education about warning signs and risk factors, regular screening programs, periodic physical exams, self-examinations, and avoiding risk factors.

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Tumor Markers

Tumor markers are substances like proteins, antigens, hormones, or enzymes released by cancer cells, which can be detected in blood or other body fluids to help diagnose cancer presence and monitor treatment effectiveness.

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Diagnostic Imaging Types

Various imaging techniques like X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, nuclear imaging, and ultrasounds help visualize tumors, determine their size, location, and density, aiding in accurate diagnosis.

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Biopsy and Cytology

Biopsy involves taking a tissue sample from a suspicious area for microscopic examination to confirm a cancer diagnosis. Cytology focuses on examining cell samples to identify cancerous cells.

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Endoscopy Purpose

Endoscopy uses a flexible tube with a camera to visualize the inside of organs like the stomach, lungs, or colon, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat various conditions, including cancer.

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Skin Assessment: Mole Changes

When conducting a skin assessment, pay attention to the ABCDEs of melanoma: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter greater than 6 mm, and Evolving or changing appearance.

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Study Notes

Hematopoietic and Lymphatic Systems

  • The hematopoietic system manufactures and develops blood cells.
  • The lymphatic system assists in the maturation of lymphocytes (white blood cells).
  • The thymus gland and the spleen are part of the lymphatic system.
  • Key structures in the hematopoietic system include bone marrow.
  • Blood is composed of cells suspended in plasma, with 55% being plasma, 45% being red blood cells (RBCs), and less than 1% being buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets).
  • Pluripotential stem cells are myeloid and lymphoid stem cells.
  • Myeloid stem cells make blood components like erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets (thrombocytes).
  • Lymphoid stem cells produce lymphocytes.
  • Erythrocytes (RBCs) transport oxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2).
  • Erythrocytes have a flexible shape, are anuclear, biconcave, and circulate for 120 days.
  • Erythropoiesis is regulated by erythropoietin, a hormone released by the kidney.
  • Erythropoiesis needs iron, B vitamins (B12, B6), and folate.
  • Hemoglobin gives blood its red color and contains iron.
  • Hemoglobin carries oxygen to cells.
  • Adult normal ranges for hemoglobin are 12.0 - 17.4 g/dL.
  • Oxyhemoglobin picks up oxygen during oxygenation.
  • Deoxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen and acquires carbon dioxide.
  • Destroyed RBCs return iron to the red marrow.
  • The spleen and liver remove dead or damaged RBCs.
  • Bilirubin is the residual pigment from destroyed erythrocytes.

Anatomy and Physiology of the Hematopoietic System

  • Hematopoietic system structures include bone marrow, blood, and blood groups.
  • Bone marrow is soft tissue filling the spaces in long and spongy bones.
  • It manufactures blood cells.
  • Two types of bone marrow exist:
    • Red marrow found in ribs, sternum, skull, clavicles, vertebrae, iliac crest, and proximal ends of long bones; produces blood cells and hemoglobin.
    • Yellow marrow, consisting of fat cells and connective tissue, can form blood cells under intense stimulation.

Hematopoietic System (continued)

  • Blood consists of cells suspended in plasma.
  • Pluripotential stem cells include myeloid and lymphoid stem cells.
  • Blood cells are produced in bone marrow.
  • Myeloid stem cells produce components of blood (e.g., erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), while lymphoid stem cells produce lymphocytes.

Components of Blood

  • Plasma comprises 55% of total blood volume.
  • Buffy coat, containing leukocytes and platelets, accounts for less than 1% of total blood volume.
  • Red blood cells (RBCs) make up 45% of total blood volume.

Erythrocytes

  • Erythrocytes transport oxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from tissues.
  • They are flexible, anuclear, biconcave, and circulate for 120 days.
  • Erythropoiesis, the production of RBCs, is regulated by erythropoietin released by the kidney.
  • RBC production requires iron and B vitamins.
  • Hemoglobin is the iron-containing pigment that gives blood its red color and carries oxygen.
  • Adult normal hemoglobin range is 12.0-17.4 g/dL.

Erythrocytes (continued)

  • Oxygenated hemoglobin becomes oxyhemoglobin as it picks up O2.
  • Deoxygenated hemoglobin releases O2 and acquires CO2.
  • When erythrocytes are destroyed, iron in hemoglobin is returned to the bone marrow.
  • The spleen and liver remove dead and damaged RBCs from circulation.

Question #1

  • Vitamin C enhances the absorption of folic acid and iron.
  • Vitamin E protects blood cells from hemolytic anemia.
  • Vitamin B12 is a coenzyme in hemoglobin formation.
  • Iron is a crucial component of heme in hemoglobin.
  • Vitamin B12 is essential for the maturation of red blood cells, not for hemoglobin formation.

Question #2

  • Type AB blood is compatible with type O blood in an emergency.

Lymphatic System

  • The lymphatic system circulates interstitial fluid and carries it to veins.
  • It filters and destroys pathogens and removes harmful substances.
  • Components include the thymus gland, located in the upper chest, which produces lymphocytes, particularly during fetal development, programming T lymphocytes to be regulator or effector cells.
  • The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ, located in the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm, with hematopoietic/immune functions and acting as an emergency blood reservoir.
  • It removes bacteria and old or damaged RBCs from circulation.
  • Lymph nodes are granular tissues in the axilla, groin, neck, thorax, and abdomen. They assist in draining lymph fluid and contain T and B lymphocytes (from bone marrow).
  • Lymph is a plasma-like fluid that passes through lymph nodes; macrophages in the nodes attack and engulf foreign substances.

Hematopoietic and Lymphatic System Assessment

  • Health history includes signs/symptoms, when problems began, severity, frequency, dietary history, drug history, allergies, and foreign travel.
  • Physical examination of skin, pulse, lymph nodes, and tonsils is essential to evaluate color, temperature, ecchymosis, lesions, rapid pulse indicating reduced RBCs and insufficient hemoglobin, and lymph node tenderness or enlargement.
  • Diagnostic testing may include CBC, PT, APTT, fibrinogen, D-dimer, factor assays, bone marrow aspiration to check blood cell formation, Schilling tests to determine vitamin B12 deficiency, non-specific tests (lymph node biopsy, spleen ultrasound, lymphangiography, X-ray, CT scan, bone scan, MRI).

Nursing Management

  • Nursing management for hematopoietic and lymphatic systems involves collecting data (vital signs, medical history, allergies, medication history), assessing client knowledge of procedures, describing routine testing, using standard precautions when collecting specimens, notifying the provider for adverse responses, and analyzing and reporting test results.

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Related Documents

Chapter 30 Intro to the Hematopoietic and Lymphatic Systems (1) PDF
Caring for Clients with Hematopoietic Disorders (PDF)
Chapter 32 Caring for Clients with Disorders of the Lymphatic System-1 PDF
Chapter 18 Caring for Clients With Cancer PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the hematopoietic and lymphatic systems, including the development of blood cells and the role of key structures like the thymus gland and spleen. Understand the functions of different blood components and the regulation of erythropoiesis. Challenge yourself with this insightful quiz!

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