Podcast
Questions and Answers
What genetic abnormality is most commonly associated with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)?
What genetic abnormality is most commonly associated with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)?
What is a specific lab test for confirming Mononucleosis (IM)?
What is a specific lab test for confirming Mononucleosis (IM)?
Which clinical presentation is suggestive of Burkitt's lymphoma?
Which clinical presentation is suggestive of Burkitt's lymphoma?
Which laboratory test can differentiate between Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) and a leukemoid reaction?
Which laboratory test can differentiate between Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) and a leukemoid reaction?
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What sequelae is commonly associated with Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APML)?
What sequelae is commonly associated with Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APML)?
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Which genetic abnormality is commonly found in Polycythemia Vera (PV) and Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF)?
Which genetic abnormality is commonly found in Polycythemia Vera (PV) and Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF)?
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Which abnormal finding in peripheral blood smears is specifically indicated for Multiple Myeloma (MM)?
Which abnormal finding in peripheral blood smears is specifically indicated for Multiple Myeloma (MM)?
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What is a common clinical scenario that may suggest Polycythemia Vera (PV)?
What is a common clinical scenario that may suggest Polycythemia Vera (PV)?
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Which type of anemia is typically characterized by microcytic red blood cells?
Which type of anemia is typically characterized by microcytic red blood cells?
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What lab test is crucial for diagnosing thalassemias and sickle cell disease?
What lab test is crucial for diagnosing thalassemias and sickle cell disease?
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Which condition is most likely associated with an AdamTS13 deficiency?
Which condition is most likely associated with an AdamTS13 deficiency?
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Which factor deficiencies are associated with vitamin K deficiency?
Which factor deficiencies are associated with vitamin K deficiency?
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In which condition would you expect to find giant platelets upon peripheral blood smear examination?
In which condition would you expect to find giant platelets upon peripheral blood smear examination?
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What is a hallmark clinical presentation of sickle cell disease?
What is a hallmark clinical presentation of sickle cell disease?
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Which laboratory abnormality is indicative of hemolysis?
Which laboratory abnormality is indicative of hemolysis?
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What differentiating feature is commonly observed in TTP compared to HUS?
What differentiating feature is commonly observed in TTP compared to HUS?
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Which clinical scenario may lead to the development of hemolytic anemia?
Which clinical scenario may lead to the development of hemolytic anemia?
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What is the prognosis associated with splenic infarcts in sickle cell disease?
What is the prognosis associated with splenic infarcts in sickle cell disease?
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What is the primary focus of the fundamentals presented on the website?
What is the primary focus of the fundamentals presented on the website?
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Which type of information would you expect to find in a section about 'Fundamentals of Pathology'?
Which type of information would you expect to find in a section about 'Fundamentals of Pathology'?
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In a study of pathology fundamentals, which area is least likely to be emphasized?
In a study of pathology fundamentals, which area is least likely to be emphasized?
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Which of the following components is generally critical in the study of pathology?
Which of the following components is generally critical in the study of pathology?
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Which approach is essential for understanding the principles of disease in pathology?
Which approach is essential for understanding the principles of disease in pathology?
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Which of the following best describes a common outcome of studying pathology fundamentals?
Which of the following best describes a common outcome of studying pathology fundamentals?
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What aspect of pathology would a beginner likely find most challenging?
What aspect of pathology would a beginner likely find most challenging?
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Which of the following might be a key takeaway from the fundamentals of pathology?
Which of the following might be a key takeaway from the fundamentals of pathology?
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What is the primary purpose of laboratory tests in hematological conditions?
What is the primary purpose of laboratory tests in hematological conditions?
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Which factor plays a crucial role in diagnosing various hematological disorders?
Which factor plays a crucial role in diagnosing various hematological disorders?
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Which blood component is most commonly affected in leukemia?
Which blood component is most commonly affected in leukemia?
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What is commonly evaluated in a peripheral blood smear for anemia diagnosis?
What is commonly evaluated in a peripheral blood smear for anemia diagnosis?
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Which abnormality is typically monitored in conditions such as thrombocytopenia?
Which abnormality is typically monitored in conditions such as thrombocytopenia?
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In which hematological condition is it essential to monitor hemoglobin levels regularly?
In which hematological condition is it essential to monitor hemoglobin levels regularly?
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What does a high white blood cell count typically indicate?
What does a high white blood cell count typically indicate?
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Which symptom is often associated with blood disorders?
Which symptom is often associated with blood disorders?
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What does the symbol 'β' commonly represent in medical notation?
What does the symbol 'β' commonly represent in medical notation?
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In the context of pathology, what could the notation 'g.g.o' imply?
In the context of pathology, what could the notation 'g.g.o' imply?
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How might the notation 'a2g2' relate to biological functions?
How might the notation 'a2g2' relate to biological functions?
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What implication might 'Cell D' have in a medical context?
What implication might 'Cell D' have in a medical context?
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What could 'la mo i m' indicate in a histological analysis?
What could 'la mo i m' indicate in a histological analysis?
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In the acronym 'I.II.III.g', what might the letters signify?
In the acronym 'I.II.III.g', what might the letters signify?
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What might the pattern of arrows suggest in a flow diagram regarding processes?
What might the pattern of arrows suggest in a flow diagram regarding processes?
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What could the repeated use of 'o' in the diagram indicate?
What could the repeated use of 'o' in the diagram indicate?
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Study Notes
Hematology Review
- Anemia is classified based on morphology.
- Microcytic anemia (iron deficiency, thalassemia, anemia of chronic disease)
- Macrocytic anemia (folate or vitamin B12 deficiency)
- Normocytic anemia (hemolytic anemia, sickle cell disease, PNH/G6PD/IHA)
- Recognize peripheral blood smear (PBS) images.
- Know the images of peripheral blood smears (PBS).
Specific Disease Entities
- For each disease, understand:
- Pathophysiology (e.g., antibody to IF in pernicious anemia)
- Genetic abnormalities (e.g., PNH and PIGA)
- Clinical presentation (e.g., gallstones or cutaneous ulcers in sickle cell disease)
- Clinical scenarios where the disease can be encountered (e.g., defective heart valve or DIC in hemolytic anemia, abdominal fullness in polycythemia)
- Abnormal lab indices (e.g., hemolysis and hyperbilirubinemia)
- Specific diagnostic lab tests (e.g., Hb electrophoresis for thalassemia and sickle cell disease; B12 and folate deficiencies)
- Lab tests differentiating between two diseases (e.g., Vit B12 and folate deficiency differentiation, TIBC differentiation between iron deficiency and anemia of chronic disease, etc.)
- Abnormal findings in peripheral blood smear (e.g., hypersegmented neutrophils in macrocytic anemia, sickle cells in sickle cell disease, schistocytes in microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, smudge cells in CLL etc)
- Sequelae of the disease (e.g., splenic infarcts, crisis in sickle cell disease, kidney damage in myeloma, etc.).
- Use any algorithms or tables provided.
Bleeding and Coagulation Disorders
- Understand PT and aPTT (intrinsic/extrinsic/combined)
- Factor 8, 9 deficiencies
- von Willebrand disease (vWD)
- Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) - differentiate them
- Platelet disorders
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
- Protein C, S, and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS)
- Vitamin K deficiency
Specific Entity Review (Know the following for each entity):
- Pertinent pathophysiology
- Specific genetic abnormalities
- Clinical presentation (e.g., thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia = TTP; undercooked beef = HUS; Malabsorption = Vit K def; Liver disease = multiple factor def)
- Clinical scenarios where the disease may be encountered
- Lab abnormalities (e.g. elevated PT/PTT, decreased factor levels, etc.)
- Specific diagnostic lab test (e.g., d-dimer for DIC; ADAMTS13 for TTP/HUS)
- Differentiating features (e.g., pentad in TTP/HUS; giant platelets in PBS)
- Use provided algorithms or tables
High-Yield Topics in Hematology/Oncology
- Benign hematologic conditions (e.g., IM, leukemoid reaction)
- Acute leukemias (ALL, AML, subtypes)
- Chronic leukemias (CLL/SLL, CML)
- Myeloproliferative neoplasms (e.g., CML, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, myelofibrosis, MM, Waldenstrom's)
- Multiple myeloma (MM)
- Lymphomas (Burkitt's, Non-Hodgkin's - DLBCL, Mantle Cell, Marginal Zone, Follicular)
- Specific markers associated with each condition.
Leukemia and Lymphoma
- Most common hematological malignancies (including genetic abnormalities and clinical presentation)
- Clinical scenarios to encounter (e.g., teenager fever and cervical lymph node swelling = IM)
- Relevant lab indices and markers that differentiate mature and immature B/T cells
- Specific diagnostics like Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
- Abnormal lab findings and blood smear images
- Sequelae of the disease
- Key differentiating features, including specific genetic abnormalities.
MDS/MPN/Immunoproliferative
- CML
- Leukemoid reaction
- Polycythemia vera (PV)
- Essential thrombocythemia (ET)
- Myelofibrosis (MF)
- Myeloma (plasma cell myeloma)
- Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
Summary
- Avoid detailed minutiae—focus on general concepts and common diseases.
- Recognize the importance of the most frequently encountered diseases in each category.
- Exclude diseases excluded or trimmed from the review; Year 1 content isn't included (basic physiology) or treatment modalities.
- Be prepared for questions on topics that seem trivial.
- Familiarity with blood smears, including recognition of different cell types and abnormalities, is crucial.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
This quiz reviews the classification and pathophysiology of different types of anemia, including microcytic, macrocytic, and normocytic anemia. It also covers specific diseases associated with anemia, their clinical presentations, diagnostic tests, and distinguishing features. Test your knowledge on the peripheral blood smear and the related lab techniques.
