Podcast
Questions and Answers
If blood pressure doubles while peripheral resistance also doubles, what happens to blood flow through a vessel?
If blood pressure doubles while peripheral resistance also doubles, what happens to blood flow through a vessel?
What physiological change causes a decrease in resistance in a vessel?
What physiological change causes a decrease in resistance in a vessel?
Which blood vessels are known to have the lowest blood pressure?
Which blood vessels are known to have the lowest blood pressure?
The primary role of valves in the cardiovascular system is to ensure what?
The primary role of valves in the cardiovascular system is to ensure what?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of gradient serves as the driving force for blood flow?
Which type of gradient serves as the driving force for blood flow?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the best definition of an artery?
What is the best definition of an artery?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following changes would increase blood flow in a vessel the most?
Which of the following changes would increase blood flow in a vessel the most?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a function of the pericardial fluid?
What is a function of the pericardial fluid?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor, when doubled, would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance?
Which factor, when doubled, would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance?
Signup and view all the answers
In which tube would the flow be the highest based on the given pressures?
In which tube would the flow be the highest based on the given pressures?
Signup and view all the answers
The hepatic portal vein carries blood away from which of the following?
The hepatic portal vein carries blood away from which of the following?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are valves located in the heart?
Where are valves located in the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a flow rate of '4 cm/min' describe?
What does a flow rate of '4 cm/min' describe?
Signup and view all the answers
Which change will NOT result in increased blood flow to a tissue?
Which change will NOT result in increased blood flow to a tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of blood vessels return blood to the heart?
What type of blood vessels return blood to the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
At an intercalated disc in cardiac muscle, what is true?
At an intercalated disc in cardiac muscle, what is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What structures make up the cardiovascular system?
What structures make up the cardiovascular system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which arteries are the first to branch from the aorta?
Which arteries are the first to branch from the aorta?
Signup and view all the answers
Which circuit is responsible for carrying blood to and from the alveoli of the lungs?
Which circuit is responsible for carrying blood to and from the alveoli of the lungs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the wall that separates the two sides of the heart?
What is the name of the wall that separates the two sides of the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure directs blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?
Which structure directs blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?
Signup and view all the answers
What term describes reduced blood flow to the cardiac muscle?
What term describes reduced blood flow to the cardiac muscle?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component helps provide stability for the chordae tendineae in the heart?
Which component helps provide stability for the chordae tendineae in the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component is NOT part of intercalated disks in cardiac muscle?
Which component is NOT part of intercalated disks in cardiac muscle?
Signup and view all the answers
What causes the action potentials of myocardial autorhythmic cells?
What causes the action potentials of myocardial autorhythmic cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the reason for the end of the plateau phase in myocardial cells?
What is the reason for the end of the plateau phase in myocardial cells?
Signup and view all the answers
How long does a typical action potential of a myocardial contractile cell last?
How long does a typical action potential of a myocardial contractile cell last?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of the plateau phase in myocardial cells?
What is the primary purpose of the plateau phase in myocardial cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Why can myocardial cells generate action potentials spontaneously?
Why can myocardial cells generate action potentials spontaneously?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of valve is described as having three flaps and being an AV valve?
Which type of valve is described as having three flaps and being an AV valve?
Signup and view all the answers
Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
Which chamber of the heart primarily receives blood from the veins?
Which chamber of the heart primarily receives blood from the veins?
Signup and view all the answers
When a blood vessel dilates, what happens to resistance through that vessel?
When a blood vessel dilates, what happens to resistance through that vessel?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does an increase in total cross-sectional area of blood vessels in an organ have on the velocity of blood through that organ?
What effect does an increase in total cross-sectional area of blood vessels in an organ have on the velocity of blood through that organ?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of blood flow, what occurs when all capillary beds in the digestive tract are open?
In the context of blood flow, what occurs when all capillary beds in the digestive tract are open?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to blood velocity if blood flow to an organ increases but the total cross-sectional area remains constant?
What happens to blood velocity if blood flow to an organ increases but the total cross-sectional area remains constant?
Signup and view all the answers
How do sympathetic stimulations affect heart rate in the pacemaker cells?
How do sympathetic stimulations affect heart rate in the pacemaker cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the resting membrane potential for contractile myocardium?
What is the resting membrane potential for contractile myocardium?
Signup and view all the answers
What initiates the rising phase of the action potential in skeletal muscle?
What initiates the rising phase of the action potential in skeletal muscle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the duration of the action potential in skeletal muscle compared to contractile myocardium?
What is the duration of the action potential in skeletal muscle compared to contractile myocardium?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the heart rate if the membranes of cardiac muscle cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions?
What happens to the heart rate if the membranes of cardiac muscle cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does ivabrandine have on an individual's heart rate?
What effect does ivabrandine have on an individual's heart rate?
Signup and view all the answers
How would the presence of manganese ions impact the contraction of heart muscle?
How would the presence of manganese ions impact the contraction of heart muscle?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following accurately describes the reason cardiac muscle cannot exhibit tetany?
Which of the following accurately describes the reason cardiac muscle cannot exhibit tetany?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle cells?
What is the role of sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement is true regarding calcium channel blockers?
Which statement is true regarding calcium channel blockers?
Signup and view all the answers
If a patient develops a medical condition that decreases blood viscosity, what is the likely effect on blood pressure?
If a patient develops a medical condition that decreases blood viscosity, what is the likely effect on blood pressure?
Signup and view all the answers
What conclusion can be drawn if the blood pressure at point A drops from 20 units to 15 units while at point B it falls from 10 units to 5 units?
What conclusion can be drawn if the blood pressure at point A drops from 20 units to 15 units while at point B it falls from 10 units to 5 units?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Valves and Heart Structures
- Bicuspid (mitral) and tricuspid valves have chordae tendineae
- Capillaries are thin walled vessels that exchange materials with interstitial fluid
- Blood pressure decreases as blood moves away from the heart due to friction
- Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid when it's not moving
- A patient given a beta 1 agonist would experience an increase in heart rate and cardiac output
Blood Flow Through The Heart
- Blood returning to the heart flows through the right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, left atrium and finally the left ventricle.
- The sac surrounding the heart is called the pericardium.
- Blood pressure decreases as blood moves farther from the heart due to friction, and the vessels get smaller.
Resistance and Flow
- Resistance increases as blood vessel lengths increase, and flow decreases
- Flow decreases but resistance increases as blood viscosity increases
- Resistance decreases and flow increases as blood vessel radius increases
- Doubles the blood flow with the same peripheral resistance if blood pressure and resistance are doubled.
Blood Pressure and Vessels
- When blood pressure doubles, and peripheral resistance doubles, there is no change in blood flow through the vessel
- Flow is unchanged when blood pressure and resistance are both doubled in a vessel
- Vasodilation decreases resistance in a vessel
Blood Vessels and Pressure
- Capillaries have the lowest blood pressure
- Valves ensure blood flow in only one direction in the cardiovascular system
- The purpose of valves is to ensure that blood flows in the correct direction, prevents blood from flowing too quickly.
Definitions and Functions
- An artery carries blood away from the heart, veins carry blood toward the heart
- Hydrostatic pressure refers to the pressure when a fluid isn't moving
- The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles
- The cardiovascular system transports materials to and from all parts of the body
- The primary function of the cardiovascular system is to transport material to and from all parts of the body
- The pulmonary circuit carries blood to and from the alveoli of the lungs
- The systemic circuit carries blood to all parts of the body except the alveoli of the lungs
- Arteries carry oxygenated blood, veins carry deoxygenated blood
Heart Function and Structures
- The pressure created in the ventricles is called driving pressure
- Coronary ischemia is reduced blood flow to the cardiac muscle
- The hepatic portal vein carries blood away from the pancreas and digestive tract.
- Blood flows from the digestive tract, to the liver, then to the heart
Additional Notes
- The plateau phase of the myocardial action potential is important for efficient oxygen use by cells and prevents tetanus (repeated muscle contractions).
- The heart has an unstable ion channel that allows it to generate spontaneous action potentials, which are essential for heartbeat regulation.
- Myocardial cells can generate action potentials spontaneously due to their unstable ion channels
- Gap junctions allow communication between cardiac muscle cells
- Intercalated disks are cell junctions in contractile cells, which consist of desmosomes and gap junctions.
- Sympathetic stimulation increases the heart rate and efficiency of calcium use by the cells
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functioning of the heart with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as the roles of valves, capillaries, and the effects of blood pressure and resistance on cardiovascular performance. Ideal for students learning about human physiology.
