17 Questions
What are the main causes of heart failure outlined in the text?
Myocardial infarction, Hypertension, Valvular heart disease, Volume overload in renal failure, Cardiomyopathy
Define cardiac reserve and its importance.
Cardiac reserve is the ability to increase cardiac output during increased activity in normal individuals. It is important for adapting to increased demands on the heart.
What is the physiology of heart failure based on?
The physiology of heart failure is based on the inability of the failing heart to maintain sufficient cardiac output and the compensatory mechanisms that contribute to the progression of heart failure.
Explain the concept of compensated heart failure.
Compensated heart failure involves adaptive mechanisms that maintain cardiac output despite the heart's inability to function properly.
What are the main symptoms of left and right-sided heart failure?
Main symptoms of left-sided heart failure include shortness of breath, fatigue, and edema. Right-sided heart failure symptoms include abdominal pain, swelling in the legs, and weight gain.
How does the Frank-Starling mechanism increase stroke volume?
By increasing ventricular end-diastolic volume, leading to increased stretching of myocardial fibers and an increase in the force of the next contraction.
What is the consequence of chronic elevation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure?
It is eventually transmitted to the atria and pulmonary circulation, causing pulmonary congestion.
How does increased sympathetic nervous system activity affect peripheral vascular resistance?
It increases peripheral vascular resistance, leading to an increase in afterload against which the heart must pump.
What is the role of the Renin-Angiotensin mechanism in heart failure?
It involves renin, angiotensin II, vasoconstriction, and stimulation of aldosterone for water and salt retention.
Why does cardiac muscle undergo hyperatrophy in response to increasing work demands?
As a long-term compensatory mechanism to meet the increased work demands.
What are the consequences of increased wall tension in the heart?
Increased wall tension leads to an increase in oxygen consumption, which can result in ischemia and further impairment of cardiac function.
What are the structural and functional changes that can result from inappropriate hypertrophy?
Changes in muscle mass, chamber dilation, impaired systolic and diastolic function
What are the characteristics of hyperatrophy in terms of capillary density and synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins?
Decreased capillary density, increased synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins
What distinguishes compensated heart failure from congestive heart failure (CHF)?
Compensated heart failure lacks congestion of body tissues, while CHF is accompanied by congestion (accumulation of fluid)
Describe the pathophysiology of systolic dysfunction in heart failure.
Decrease in cardiac contractility and ejection fraction, increase in diastolic volume, ventricular dilation, ventricular wall tension, and end-diastolic pressure
What characterizes diastolic dysfunction in heart failure?
Smaller ventricular chamber size, ventricular hypertrophy, poor ventricular compliance
What are the clinical manifestations of right-sided heart failure?
Edema in lower extremities when upright, weight gain, hepatomegaly, ascites, anorexia, distended jugular veins
Learn about the physiology of heart failure, compensated and congestive heart failure, as well as the main symptoms of left and right-sided heart failure in this informative session by Dr. Fatima Bani Salama. Explore the causes of heart failure including myocardial infarction, hypertension, valvular heart disease, and cardiac reserve.
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