Health Quiz: Stroke, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoporosis

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Questions and Answers

What is a stroke?

An acute disruption of blood flow to the brain.

What is the primary cause of an ischemic stroke?

An obstruction to the blood flow to the brain.

What is the primary cause of a hemorrhagic stroke?

A leakage of blood in or around the brain.

What is one effect of bleeding in the brain?

Increased intercranial pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the population is affected by rheumatoid arthritis?

1% Signup and view all the answers

Rheumatoid arthritis affects men more than women.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age range for the onset of rheumatoid arthritis?

30-50 years old. Signup and view all the answers

What is the autoimmune response in rheumatoid arthritis?

The synovial tissues break down collagen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis?

Destroyed cartilage and bones eroded Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of women are mostly affected by osteoporosis?

1 in 2 Signup and view all the answers

What are the contributing factors to osteoporosis? (Select all that apply.)

Diet Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of osteoporosis?

An imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption leading to porous bones. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of osteoporosis?

Repeated fractures. Signup and view all the answers

What two substances are decreased in people with osteoporosis?

Calcitonin and estrogen levels. Signup and view all the answers

What type of deficiency does type 1 diabetes involve?

Insulin deficiency. Signup and view all the answers

What are the damaged cells in type 1 diabetes?

Insulin producing b cells. Signup and view all the answers

What inability is a result of the destruction of insulin producing b cells?

Inability to produce insulin. Signup and view all the answers

How is type 1 diabetes treated?

With insulin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of type 2 diabetes?

Insulin resistance. Signup and view all the answers

What does insulin resistance lead to in type 2 diabetes?

Defective insulin production. Signup and view all the answers

What two hormones are low in hypothyroidism?

T3 and T4 hormones. Signup and view all the answers

What are two potential causes of hypothyroidism?

Low iodine levels and thyroiditis. Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of too much antithyroid medication?

Hypothyroidism. Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential cause of hypothyroidism?

Pulmonary tumours. Signup and view all the answers

What are two characteristics of hypothyroidism? (Select all that apply)

Slow digestion Signup and view all the answers

What two hormones are high in hyperthyroidism?

T3 and T4 Signup and view all the answers

What are two other factors that are high in hyperthyroidism?

High iodine levels and too much levothyroxine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disease associated with hyperthyroidism?

Graves' disease. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary issue in congestive heart failure?

The heart pumps less effectively. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the blood in congestive heart failure?

Blood remains in the ventricles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of overstretched ventricles in congestive heart failure?

Forceful contractions of the heart. Signup and view all the answers

Why is more blood left in the ventricles in congestive heart failure?

The forceful contractions of the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What are some possible causes of congestive heart failure? (Select all that apply.)

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of prehepatic jaundice?

Excessive bilirubin levels in the blood. Signup and view all the answers

What causes post hepatic jaundice?

A blockage of bile drainage. Signup and view all the answers

What causes neonatal jaundice?

Poor liver function as a baby. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of acute renal failure?

Sudden loss of kidney function. Signup and view all the answers

What causes acute renal failure? (Select all that apply.)

Nephrotoxins Signup and view all the answers

What is one symptom of acute renal failure?

Oliguria. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of prolonged oliguria?

Uremia. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of chronic renal failure?

Long-term kidney damage. Signup and view all the answers

What conditions can cause chronic renal failure? (Select all that apply.)

Polycystic kidney disease Signup and view all the answers

What are some symptoms of chronic renal failure?

Polyuria, anemia, diluted urine. Signup and view all the answers

What are two potential complications of chronic renal failure?

Uremia and acidosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of pulmonary emphysema?

Irritation of the bronchi and bronchioles. Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of pulmonary emphysema? (Select all that apply.)

Alveolar macrophage inhibition Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of bacterial meningitis?

Bacteria spreads from the bloodstream to the brain. Signup and view all the answers

What two things does exudate formation cause in bacterial meningitis?

Intercranial pressure and interstitial edema. Signup and view all the answers

What can massive brain swelling cause in bacterial meningitis?

Increased intracranial pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential outcome of untreated bacterial meningitis?

Death Signup and view all the answers

What type of disease is Parkinson's disease?

Degenerative neurological disease. Signup and view all the answers

What neurons are affected by Parkinson's disease?

Dopaminergic neurons. Signup and view all the answers

What are four main symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

Tremors, rigidity, akinesia, and postural instability. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of disease is multiple sclerosis?

Chronic autoimmune disease. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of multiple sclerosis?

White patches of demyelination in the brain and spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

What does demyelination lead to?

Inflammation and scarring Signup and view all the answers

What are some symptoms of multiple sclerosis? (Select all that apply.)

Sensory loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of epilepsy?

Abnormal firing patterns in the brain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of abnormal firing patterns in epilepsy?

A slow membrane potential with high frequency bursts on action potentials. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the tonic phase of a seizure?

Consciousness is lost and the person may fall to the ground. Signup and view all the answers

What is the post-ictal state?

The person may be exhausted, confused, and sore. Signup and view all the answers

What are two potential causes of depression?

Decreased serotonin and dopamine levels, hormonal imbalance. Signup and view all the answers

What are some possible hormonal imbalances associated with depression? (Select all that apply.)

Cortisol Signup and view all the answers

What areas of the brain have been linked to structural imbalances in depression?

Frontal and limbic regions. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the airways during an asthma attack?

The airways tighten and swell. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the muscles in an asthma attack?

They tighten and become inflamed and swollen. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lining of the airways during an asthma attack?

It becomes inflamed and swollen Signup and view all the answers

What are benign tumors characterized by?

Non-cancerous, localized, slow growth, normal cells and mitosis. Signup and view all the answers

What are malignant tumors characterized by?

Cancerous, diffuses, fast growth, abnormal cell composition, and abnormal mitosis. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Stroke

A stroke is an acute disruption of blood flow to the brain.
Ischemic stroke: An obstruction to blood flow, often caused by a blockage in an artery or atherosclerosis/embolism.
Hemorrhagic stroke: Caused by bleeding in or around the brain, possibly from a ruptured blood vessel, hypertension, aneurysm, or trauma. Bleeding increases intracranial pressure.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Affects 1% of the population.
Women are 2-4 times more likely to be affected than men.
Onset typically between 30-50 years old.
Risk factors include smoking, age, gender, and genetics.
An autoimmune response damages synovial tissues, causing collagen breakdown and synovial membrane proliferation (pannus formation).
Joint inflammation leads to cartilage and bone erosion.

Osteoporosis

Affects 1 in 2 women, mostly those of Caucasian ethnicity.
Risk factors include gender, ethnicity, smoking, diet, and exercise.
Imbalance between bone formation and resorption, leading to porous bones and increased risk of fractures.
Those affected often have lower calcitonin and estrogen levels.

Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes: Insulin deficiency due to T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. Treated with insulin.
Type 2 diabetes: Progressive insulin resistance leading to impaired insulin production. Treated with metformin.

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Description

Test your knowledge on three significant health conditions: stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis. Learn about their causes, risk factors, and effects on the body. This quiz will help you understand these common yet critical health issues.