Health Quiz: Stroke, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoporosis
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Questions and Answers

What is a stroke?

An acute disruption of blood flow to the brain.

What is the primary cause of an ischemic stroke?

An obstruction to the blood flow to the brain.

What is the primary cause of a hemorrhagic stroke?

A leakage of blood in or around the brain.

What is one effect of bleeding in the brain?

<p>Increased intercranial pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the population is affected by rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rheumatoid arthritis affects men more than women.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age range for the onset of rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>30-50 years old.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the autoimmune response in rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>The synovial tissues break down collagen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis?

<p>Destroyed cartilage and bones eroded</p> Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of women are mostly affected by osteoporosis?

<p>1 in 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the contributing factors to osteoporosis? (Select all that apply.)

<p>Diet (A), Gender (B), Ethnicity (C), History (D), Exercise (E), Smoking (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of osteoporosis?

<p>An imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption leading to porous bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of osteoporosis?

<p>Repeated fractures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two substances are decreased in people with osteoporosis?

<p>Calcitonin and estrogen levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of deficiency does type 1 diabetes involve?

<p>Insulin deficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the damaged cells in type 1 diabetes?

<p>Insulin producing b cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What inability is a result of the destruction of insulin producing b cells?

<p>Inability to produce insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is type 1 diabetes treated?

<p>With insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of type 2 diabetes?

<p>Insulin resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does insulin resistance lead to in type 2 diabetes?

<p>Defective insulin production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two hormones are low in hypothyroidism?

<p>T3 and T4 hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two potential causes of hypothyroidism?

<p>Low iodine levels and thyroiditis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of too much antithyroid medication?

<p>Hypothyroidism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential cause of hypothyroidism?

<p>Pulmonary tumours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two characteristics of hypothyroidism? (Select all that apply)

<p>Slow digestion (A), Slow metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two hormones are high in hyperthyroidism?

<p>T3 and T4</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two other factors that are high in hyperthyroidism?

<p>High iodine levels and too much levothyroxine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disease associated with hyperthyroidism?

<p>Graves' disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary issue in congestive heart failure?

<p>The heart pumps less effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the blood in congestive heart failure?

<p>Blood remains in the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of overstretched ventricles in congestive heart failure?

<p>Forceful contractions of the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is more blood left in the ventricles in congestive heart failure?

<p>The forceful contractions of the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some possible causes of congestive heart failure? (Select all that apply.)

<p>Hypertension (A), Myocardial infarcts (B), Coronary artery disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of prehepatic jaundice?

<p>Excessive bilirubin levels in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes post hepatic jaundice?

<p>A blockage of bile drainage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes neonatal jaundice?

<p>Poor liver function as a baby.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of acute renal failure?

<p>Sudden loss of kidney function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes acute renal failure? (Select all that apply.)

<p>Nephrotoxins (A), Severe shock (B), Kidney infection (C), Inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one symptom of acute renal failure?

<p>Oliguria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of prolonged oliguria?

<p>Uremia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of chronic renal failure?

<p>Long-term kidney damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conditions can cause chronic renal failure? (Select all that apply.)

<p>Polycystic kidney disease (A), Uncontrolled diabetes (B), Hypertension (C), Autoimmune diseases that attack the kidneys (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some symptoms of chronic renal failure?

<p>Polyuria, anemia, diluted urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two potential complications of chronic renal failure?

<p>Uremia and acidosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of pulmonary emphysema?

<p>Irritation of the bronchi and bronchioles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of pulmonary emphysema? (Select all that apply.)

<p>Alveolar macrophage inhibition (A), Excess mucous production (B), Obstructed airways (C), Paralysis of the cilia (D), Oedema (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of bacterial meningitis?

<p>Bacteria spreads from the bloodstream to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two things does exudate formation cause in bacterial meningitis?

<p>Intercranial pressure and interstitial edema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can massive brain swelling cause in bacterial meningitis?

<p>Increased intracranial pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential outcome of untreated bacterial meningitis?

<p>Death</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of disease is Parkinson's disease?

<p>Degenerative neurological disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurons are affected by Parkinson's disease?

<p>Dopaminergic neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are four main symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

<p>Tremors, rigidity, akinesia, and postural instability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of disease is multiple sclerosis?

<p>Chronic autoimmune disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of multiple sclerosis?

<p>White patches of demyelination in the brain and spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does demyelination lead to?

<p>Inflammation and scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some symptoms of multiple sclerosis? (Select all that apply.)

<p>Sensory loss (A), Dysarthria (B), Paraesthesia (C), Pain (D), Dysphagia (E), Motor loss (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of epilepsy?

<p>Abnormal firing patterns in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of abnormal firing patterns in epilepsy?

<p>A slow membrane potential with high frequency bursts on action potentials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the tonic phase of a seizure?

<p>Consciousness is lost and the person may fall to the ground.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the post-ictal state?

<p>The person may be exhausted, confused, and sore.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two potential causes of depression?

<p>Decreased serotonin and dopamine levels, hormonal imbalance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some possible hormonal imbalances associated with depression? (Select all that apply.)

<p>Cortisol (A), Thyroid (B), Oestrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What areas of the brain have been linked to structural imbalances in depression?

<p>Frontal and limbic regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the airways during an asthma attack?

<p>The airways tighten and swell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the muscles in an asthma attack?

<p>They tighten and become inflamed and swollen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the lining of the airways during an asthma attack?

<p>It becomes inflamed and swollen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are benign tumors characterized by?

<p>Non-cancerous, localized, slow growth, normal cells and mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are malignant tumors characterized by?

<p>Cancerous, diffuses, fast growth, abnormal cell composition, and abnormal mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a stroke?

A stroke is a sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain, causing damage to brain tissue.

What are the two main types of stroke?

The two main types of stroke are ischemic and hemorrhagic.

What causes an ischemic stroke?

An ischemic stroke occurs when a blood clot or other blockage prevents blood flow to the brain.

What causes a hemorrhagic stroke?

A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, causing bleeding.

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What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the joints, leading to cartilage and bone damage.

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What are some common symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

Common symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and redness.

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What is osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a condition that weakens bones, making them more prone to fractures.

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What factors contribute to osteoporosis?

Factors include age, gender, ethnicity, smoking, diet, and exercise.

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What is type 1 diabetes?

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

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What is type 2 diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes is a condition where the body becomes resistant to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.

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What is hypothyroidism?

Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones.

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What are some symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, constipation, and cold intolerance.

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What is hyperthyroidism?

Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Symptoms include weight loss, anxiety, rapid heartbeat, and heat intolerance.

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What is congestive heart failure?

Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart can't pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the body.

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What are some common causes of congestive heart failure?

Common causes include coronary artery disease, hypertension, and myocardial infarcts.

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What is jaundice?

Jaundice is a condition where the skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow due to a buildup of bilirubin in the blood.

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What are the different types of jaundice?

Types include pre-hepatic, hepatic, post-hepatic, and neonatal jaundice, each caused by different factors.

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What is acute renal failure?

Acute renal failure is a sudden loss of kidney function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are some common causes of acute renal failure?

Causes include severe shock, nephrotoxins, kidney infection, and inflammation.

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What is chronic renal failure?

Chronic renal failure is a long-term loss of kidney function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are some common causes of chronic renal failure?

Causes include uncontrolled diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune diseases, and polycystic kidney disease.

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What is pulmonary emphysema?

Pulmonary emphysema is a lung disease that damages the alveoli, making it difficult to breathe.

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What are some common causes of pulmonary emphysema?

Causes include smoking, air pollution, and genetic factors.

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What is bacterial meningitis?

Bacterial meningitis is an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are some symptoms of bacterial meningitis?

Symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck, and confusion.

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What is Parkinson's disease?

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the brain's ability to control movement.

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What are some common symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

Symptoms include tremors, rigidity, slow movements, and balance problems.

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What is multiple sclerosis?

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheath, interfering with nerve impulses.

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What are some common symptoms of multiple sclerosis?

Symptoms include vision problems, fatigue, weakness, and numbness.

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What is epilepsy?

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the different stages of a seizure?

Stages include tonic, clonic, and post-ictal, each with distinct symptoms.

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What is depression?

Depression is a mental health condition characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and other symptoms.

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What are some common causes of depression?

Causes can include chemical imbalances in the brain, genetic factors, and life stressors.

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What is an asthma attack?

An asthma attack occurs when the airways become inflamed and narrowed, making it difficult to breathe.

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What are some common triggers for asthma attacks?

Triggers include allergens, smoke, exercise, and cold air.

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What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumor?

A benign tumor is non-cancerous, while a malignant tumor is cancerous.

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What are some key characteristics of a benign tumor?

Benign tumors are localized, slow-growing, and have normal cells.

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What are some key characteristics of a malignant tumor?

Malignant tumors can spread, grow quickly, and have abnormal cells.

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Study Notes

Stroke

  • A stroke is an acute disruption of blood flow to the brain.
  • Ischemic stroke: An obstruction to blood flow, often caused by a blockage in an artery or atherosclerosis/embolism.
  • Hemorrhagic stroke: Caused by bleeding in or around the brain, possibly from a ruptured blood vessel, hypertension, aneurysm, or trauma. Bleeding increases intracranial pressure.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

  • Affects 1% of the population.
  • Women are 2-4 times more likely to be affected than men.
  • Onset typically between 30-50 years old.
  • Risk factors include smoking, age, gender, and genetics.
  • An autoimmune response damages synovial tissues, causing collagen breakdown and synovial membrane proliferation (pannus formation).
  • Joint inflammation leads to cartilage and bone erosion.

Osteoporosis

  • Affects 1 in 2 women, mostly those of Caucasian ethnicity.
  • Risk factors include gender, ethnicity, smoking, diet, and exercise.
  • Imbalance between bone formation and resorption, leading to porous bones and increased risk of fractures.
  • Those affected often have lower calcitonin and estrogen levels.

Diabetes

  • Type 1 diabetes: Insulin deficiency due to T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. Treated with insulin.
  • Type 2 diabetes: Progressive insulin resistance leading to impaired insulin production. Treated with metformin.

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Description

Test your knowledge on three significant health conditions: stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis. Learn about their causes, risk factors, and effects on the body. This quiz will help you understand these common yet critical health issues.

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