Stroke, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and More PDF

Stroke A stroke is an acute disrup on of blood flow to the brain ISCHEMIC An ischemic stroke is an obstruc on to the blood flow to the brain Could be caused by a blockage in an artery or atherscleroisis/embolism Hemorhagic Caused by a leakage of blood in or around the brain Could be caused by a rupt...

Stroke A stroke is an acute disrup on of blood flow to the brain ISCHEMIC An ischemic stroke is an obstruc on to the blood flow to the brain Could be caused by a blockage in an artery or atherscleroisis/embolism Hemorhagic Caused by a leakage of blood in or around the brain Could be caused by a ruptured blood vessel, hypertension, an anyeursm or trauma. Bleeding increases intercranial pressure Rheumatoid arthritis 1% of popula on is affected 2-4 mes more women are affected than men Onset usually occurs from 30-50 years old and caused by smoking age gender and gene cs It is an autoimmune response in the synovial ssues that causes the joints to break down collagen and cause prolifera on of the synovial membranes alongside pannus forma on Joint inflamma on Results in destroyed car lage and bones eroded Osteoporosis Osteoprosis affects 1 in 2 women mostly caucasions Mostly caused by gender, ethnicity history, smoking, diet and exercise Osteoporosis is an imbalance between bone forma on and bone resorp on leading to porous bones that usually suffer from repeated fractures and. Those affected have decreased calcitonin and oestrogen levels. Diabetes Type 1 has an insulin deficiency T cell mediated destruc on of insulin producing b cells, inability to produce insulin thus it is treated with insulin Type 2 has a progressive insulin resistance that leads to defec ve insulin produc on and is treated with me ormin Hypothyroidism Low t3 and t4 hormones Low iodine levels and thyroidi s Too much an thyroid medica ons Pulmonary tumours They have a slow metabolism and slow diges on Hyperthyroidism High t3 and t4 high iodine levels and too much levothyroxine Graves disease High metabolism and fast diges on Congestive Heart failure The heart pumps less effec vely and leaves blood remaining in the ventricles The forceful contrac ons leads to overstretched ventricles which is why there is more blood le Coronary artery disease, hypertension or myocardiac infarcts Jaundice Pre hepa c jaundice occurs because of excessive bilirubin levels in the blood Hepa c jaundice occurs because of a dysfunc on in the hepa c cells which could be a result of congenital liver disease cirrhosis or hepa s Post hepa c jaundice occurs because of a blockage of bile drainage Neonatal jaundice occurs because of poor liver func on as a baby renal failure Acute renal failure- sudden loss of kidney func on Can be caused by severe shock nephrotoxins or kidney infec on or inflamma on Symptoms such as oliguria, increased serum urea levels that if prolonged can lead to uremia Chronic renal failure is a result of long term kidney damage Can be caused by uncontrolled diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune diseases that a ack the kidneys or polycys c kidney disease Symptoms such as polyuria anaemia diluted urine and can lead to uremia and acidosis Pulmonary emphysema It is an infec on that may have been caused by smoke inhala on or dust It causes irrita on of the bronchi and bronchioles causes obstructed airways, excess mucous produc on, oedema, paralysis of the cilia and alveolar macrophage inhibi on Bacterial meningitis Bacteria spreads from the bloodstream to the brain resul ng in the meninges becoming inflamed and exudate forma on that causes intercranial pressure and inters al odema Inflamma on can cause massive brain swelling that causes an increased intercranial pressure that if not treated can result in death Parkinsons Degenera ve neurological disease that affects the dopaminergic neurons in the brain Symptoms such as tremors rigidity akinesia and postural instability Multiple sclerosis Ms is a chronic autoimmune disease that effects the central nervous system It is characterised by white patches of demyelina on in the brain and spinal cord leading the inflamma on and scarring Symptoms are sensory and motor loss dysphagia dysarthria and pain paraesthesia Epilepsy In the brain there is a slow membrane poten al with high frequency bursts on ac on poten als. Abnormal firing pa erns Tonic- Consciousness is lost and the person may fall to the ground the muscles will contract Clonic- There are rhythmic contrac ons and relaxa ons to the muscles and they flex and relax Post-ictal- The person may be exhausted confussed abd sore as the brain recovers from the seizure Depression Decreased serotonin and dopamine levels in the brain or a hormonal imbalance such as oestrogen cor sol or throid imbalances Structural imbalances have been observed in the frontal and limbic regions of the brain Asthma attack An asthma a ack is when someones airways ghten and swell making it hard to breath Bronchospasm- the muscles ghten and become inflamed and swollen making it harder to breath Airway inflamma on- the lining of the airway becomes inflamed and swollen Increased mucuous- thick mucuous obstructs the airflow Benign tumours Non cancerous, localised, does not metas size, doesn’t invade nearby ssues, slow growth and has normal cells and mitosis Malignant Tumours Cancerous, diffuses, metas ses, invades and destroys nearby ssues, fast growth and has an abnormal cell composi on and abnormal mitosis