Hallmark 1 - Replicative Immortality in Cancer
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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference in the metabolism of normal cells compared to cancer cells?

  • Cancer cells break down glucose to pyruvate to produce ATP. (correct)
  • Normal cells can proliferate due to overactive oncogenes.
  • Cancer cells divert metabolites for energy production through glycolysis.
  • Normal cells convert glucose to lactate regardless of oxygen levels.

    • Which characteristic distinguishes cancer cells from normal cells in terms of immune response avoidance?

  • Cancer cells inhibit T cells by secreting antibodies and cytokines.
  • Cancer cells express PDL-1 or PDL-2 antigens to deflect the immune response. (correct)
  • Cancer cells stimulate the immune system to destroy foreign particles.
  • Cancer cells have a higher sensitivity to DNA damage.

    • What ability do cancer cells possess that allows them to survive and grow by inducing the formation of new blood vessels?

  • Cancer cells can break through the extracellular matrix during invasion.
  • Cancer cells can over-activate oncogenes.
  • Cancer cells possess an altered metabolism.
  • Cancer cells can induce angiogenesis to create new blood vessels. (correct)

    • How do cancer cells differ from normal cells in terms of proliferation?

    <p>Cancer cells proliferate due to over-active oncogenes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of having PDL-1 or PDL-2 antigens in cancer cells?

    <p>To inhibit T cells from attacking cancer cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cancer cells differ from normal cells in terms of their interaction with the immune system?

    <p>Cancer cells inhibit T cells that would normally attack them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of cancer cells allows them to greatly exceed Hayflick's limit?

    <p>Elongating their telomeres using telomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene acts as a central regulator of cell death by halting the cell cycle in response to DNA damage?

    <p>Tumor suppressor gene p53</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do most cancer cells avoid normal growth suppressor signals in the G1 checkpoint?

    <p>By carrying mutations in tumor suppressor genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hallmark of cancer involves the ability of cancer cells to bear mutations in their DNA and still undergo mitosis?

    <p>Genome instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for elongating chromosomal ends (telomeres) in cancer cells?

    <p>Telomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In normal human cells, what phase of the cell cycle do cells enter after reaching Hayflick's limit?

    <p>G0 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

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