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Questions and Answers
Which cell type is the dominant population in chronic inflammation seen in autoimmune and other hypersensitivity diseases?
Which cell type is the dominant population in chronic inflammation seen in autoimmune and other hypersensitivity diseases?
What do activated T lymphocytes secrete?
What do activated T lymphocytes secrete?
What do activated B lymphocytes secrete?
What do activated B lymphocytes secrete?
What do macrophages display to T cells?
What do macrophages display to T cells?
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Which cell type recruits and activates macrophages in chronic inflammation?
Which cell type recruits and activates macrophages in chronic inflammation?
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What is the role of macrophages in chronic inflammation?
What is the role of macrophages in chronic inflammation?
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What is the main function of activated B lymphocytes?
What is the main function of activated B lymphocytes?
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What do T cells produce in response to antigen presentation by macrophages?
What do T cells produce in response to antigen presentation by macrophages?
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Which cells are the dominant cells in most chronic inflammatory reactions?
Which cells are the dominant cells in most chronic inflammatory reactions?
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What are the two major pathways of macrophage activation?
What are the two major pathways of macrophage activation?
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What is the principal function of alternatively activated (M2) macrophages?
What is the principal function of alternatively activated (M2) macrophages?
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What do classically activated (M1) macrophages produce?
What do classically activated (M1) macrophages produce?
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What induces classical macrophage activation?
What induces classical macrophage activation?
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What is the role of macrophages in host defense against microbes?
What is the role of macrophages in host defense against microbes?
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What is chronic inflammation?
What is chronic inflammation?
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Study Notes
Chronic Inflammation
- Chronic inflammation is a prolonged inflammatory response with a duration of weeks or months, often associated with tissue damage and fibrosis.
Immune Cells in Chronic Inflammation
- Macrophages are the dominant cell type in chronic inflammation and are responsible for tissue remodeling and repair.
- Activated T lymphocytes secrete cytokines like interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), contributing to inflammation and tissue damage.
- Activated B lymphocytes secrete antibodies, which can contribute to inflammation in autoimmune diseases.
- Macrophages display antigens to T cells, initiating the immune response.
- T cells recruit and activate macrophages during chronic inflammation.
Macrophage Activation
- Macrophages can be activated by different stimuli and play a diverse role in inflammation.
- Classical activation (M1): induced by IFN-γ and TNF-α, leads to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, contributing to inflammation and tissue damage.
- Alternative activation (M2): induced by IL-4 and IL-13, promotes tissue repair, angiogenesis, and immune suppression, contributing to resolution of inflammation.
Macrophage Functions in Chronic Inflammation
- Macrophages play a crucial role in both perpetuating and resolving inflammation.
- In host defense against microbes, macrophages phagocytose and kill pathogens.
- In chronic inflammation, macrophages contribute to both tissue repair and damage, depending on their activation state.
- M1 macrophages contribute to tissue damage through the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species.
- M2 macrophages promote tissue repair, angiogenesis, and immune suppression.
Role of B cells
- Activated B lymphocytes produce antibodies which are responsible for recognizing and neutralizing specific antigens. These antibodies can contribute to chronic inflammation in autoimmune diseases.
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Description
Test your knowledge about chronic inflammation and its definition, as well as the role of macrophages in chronic inflammatory reactions. Explore the cells and mediators involved in this prolonged inflammatory process.
