Growth, Development, and Nutrition 081-NP03L006 ELO A / Version 2.0
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Questions and Answers

What is meant by the term 'maturation' in the context of growth and development?

  • A progressive increase in the functions of the body
  • The measurement of height and weight during growth
  • The total way a person grows and develops as dictated by inheritance (correct)
  • An increase in physical size over time

    • Which stage of development starts from weeks 4 to 1 year of age?

  • Neonate
  • Toddler
  • Infant (correct)
  • Adolescent

    • What is the correct order of the cephalocaudal developmental pattern?

  • Walks before sitting up
  • Sits up before raising the head
  • Controls arms before head
  • Gains control of the trunk before walking (correct)

    • During which period are infants typically measured in the recumbent position?

    <p>4 weeks to 1 year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the average birth weight typically triple?

    <p>By 1 year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'proximodistal' refer to in development?

    <p>Development from the center of the body to the periphery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement is generally taken at each office visit for a child?

    <p>Weight only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which growth phase is the trunk expected to grow rapidly?

    <p>Infancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of parallel play as observed in young children?

    <p>Children are playing next to each other without engaging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do primary teeth typically begin to erupt?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of play involves children taking specific roles while playing together?

    <p>Cooperative play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dental hygiene practice should be introduced during the first year of life?

    <p>Gentle brush and mouth rinse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nursing caries are most likely to occur when an infant is:

    <p>Put to sleep with a milk-filled bottle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of play is characterized by children engaging in activities with structured rules and competition?

    <p>Competitive play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is crucial for the development of a child's dental health?

    <p>Health of the expectant mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range typically represents children engaging in fantasy play and forming cliques?

    <p>13 to 18 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dental care practices, including brushing, should be introduced at what age with the use of toothpaste?

    <p>2 to 3 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of therapeutic play?

    <p>Acting out real-life scenarios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the family APGAR assesses how time, money, and space are allocated to prevent and solve problems?

    <p>Reslove</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of cognitive development does Jean Piaget suggest that children begin to think logically about concrete events?

    <p>Concrete Operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which moral development stage, according to Lawrence Kohlberg, spans ages 4 to 7 years?

    <p>Preconventional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique organization shapes an individual's typical pattern of behavior as defined in personality development?

    <p>Personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the affection component within the family APGAR?

    <p>Emotional interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which developmental stage do parents need to ensure their child develops trust according to Erikson's theory?

    <p>Infant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a consequence of inadequate nutrition in children?

    <p>Intellectual disabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the introduction of whole cow's milk to infants?

    <p>It should be avoided until after 1 year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary factor influences children's nutrition across different families?

    <p>Cultural practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the dual career family structure?

    <p>Both parents working outside the home</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy can help reduce cholesterol in children?

    <p>Encourage exercising with the child</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary developmental focus for toddlers according to the stages of child development?

    <p>Autonomy vs. shame/doubt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which developmental stage do children typically begin moral reasoning based on societal norms?

    <p>Conventional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the APGAR assessment is correct?

    <p>It assesses family functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infants require more of which of the following in proportion to their weight than adults?

    <p>Calories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are infants more prone to middle ear infections?

    <p>They have smaller eustachian tubes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children begin to develop adult levels of immunoglobulin?

    <p>Puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of the developmental growth of a 2-year-old child?

    <p>Sleeps 10 hours at night and has one short daytime nap.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT typically related to a child's growth and development?

    <p>Environmental pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of moral development occurs between the ages of 4 and 7 years?

    <p>Preconventional stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family structure is defined as comprising two or more persons living and interacting together?

    <p>Nuclear family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically signifies successful tracking of a child's growth and development?

    <p>Healthy patterns of growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason bone growth is considered an indicator of biological age in children?

    <p>Bone synthesis exceeds destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the prenatal environment affect newborns?

    <p>It influences physical condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect to consider when selecting toys for children based on developmental levels?

    <p>The safety and developmental appropriateness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of children during the conventional phase of moral development?

    <p>They focus on obeying rules and showing conformity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically characterizes the chest wall of an infant?

    <p>Thin with immature muscle tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of a dysfunctional family environment?

    <p>Physical and psychological issues in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the difference between growth and development in the context of child growth.

    <p>Growth refers to an increase in physical size, while development involves a progressive increase in the body's functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two primary patterns of development discussed in the text?

    <p>The two primary patterns are cephalocaudal development, which progresses from head to toe, and proximodistal development, which moves from the center of the body to the periphery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Discuss the significance of nutrition in promoting linear growth for children.

    <p>Good nutrition is crucial as it supports rapid growth in infancy and puberty, influencing overall height and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What growth trend is generally observed in infants by their first birthday?

    <p>By age 1 year, an infant's birth length typically increases by about 50%, and their birth weight usually triples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Growth and Development

    • Growth: Increase in physical size.
    • Development: Increase in bodily function.
    • Maturation: Total growth and development influenced by genetics.
    • Growth and development stages:
      • Fetus: 9th gestational week to birth.
      • Neonate: Birth to 4 weeks.
      • Infant: 4 weeks to 1 year.
      • Toddler: 1 to 3 years.
      • Preschool: 3 to 6 years.
      • School-age: 6 to 12 years.
      • Adolescent: 12 to 18 years.
    • Cephalocaudal development: Proceeds from head to toe.
    • Proximodistal development: Proceeds from midline to periphery.
    • Height measurement changes with age:
      • Infants (birth to 2 years): Measured lying down.
      • Children (2 to 18 years): Measured standing up.
    • Infancy and puberty are rapid growth periods.
    • Weight usually doubles by age 5-6 months and triples by age 1 year.
    • Body proportions change with age.
      • Head is the fastest-growing part during fetal life.
      • Trunk grows rapidly during infancy.
      • Legs grow rapidly during childhood.
      • Characteristic male and female proportions develop during adolescence.
    • Children have higher metabolic rates than adults, requiring more calories, minerals, vitamins, and fluids.
    • Infant respiratory system:
      • Irregular and abdominal breathing.
      • Small airways can easily be blocked by mucus.
      • Short, straight Eustachian tubes predispose to middle ear infections.
    • Neonate is protected from illnesses the mother was exposed to for the first 3 months of life.
      • Gradually produces their own immunoglobulin until adult levels are reached by puberty.
    • Kidney function matures at the end of the second year of life.
    • Brain maturation is evidenced by increased coordination, skills, and behaviors in the first years of life.
    • Sleep patterns vary with age.
    • Bone growth provides one of the best indicators of biological age.
      • Bone synthesis is greater than bone destruction in children.
      • Calcium reserves are stored in the ends of long bones.
      • Vitamin A, vitamin D, sunlight, and fluorine are important for bone growth.

    Tracking of Growth and Development

    • Growth measurements include height, weight, volume, and tissue thickness.
    • Standards of comparison are needed to interpret growth measurements.
    • Children in good health tend to follow a consistent pattern of growth.
    • A difference of two or more percentile levels requires further investigation.
    • Developmental screening is vital.
      • The Denver II is a widely used tool.

    Influencing Factors

    • Hereditary Traits:
      • Characteristics determined by genes within chromosomes.
      • DNA plays an important role in determining inherited characteristics.
    • Nationality and Race:
      • Ethnic differences affect growth, speech, food preferences, family structure, religious orientation, and code of conduct.
    • Ordinal Position in the Family:
      • Birth order can affect growth and development.
    • Gender:
      • Male infants are generally heavier and longer than females.
      • Boys and girls are treated differently, impacting their development.
    • Environment:
      • The prenatal environment influences a newborn's physical condition.
      • The home environment significantly influences physical and emotional growth and development.

    Moral Development

    • Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development:
      • Preconventional stage (4-7 years): Children obey parents out of fear of punishment.
      • Conventional phase (7-11 years): Children focus on conforming and obeying rules.
      • Postconventional level (12 years and older): Moral values are developed to solve complex problems.

    The Family

    • Definition: Two or more persons living and interacting together.
    • Types of Families:
      • Nuclear: Traditional - husband, wife, children (natural or adopted).
      • Extended: Grandparents, parents, children, relatives.
      • Single parent: One parent establishes a separate household.
      • Foster-parent: Parents care for children requiring parenting.
      • Alternative: Communal family.
      • Dual career: Both parents work outside the home.
      • Blended: Remarriage of persons with children.
    • Parenting: A learned behavior modeled by past experience and modified by specific roles and responsibilities.
    • Dysfunctional family: Does not provide for the optimal physical, psychological, and emotional health of the children.
    • Family APGAR: Assesses family functioning.
      • Adaptation: How the family helps and shares resources.
      • Partnership: Lines of communication and partnership in the family.
      • Growth: How responsibilities for growth and development of the child are shared.
      • Affection: Emotional interactions among family members.
      • Resolve: How time, money, and space are allocated to solve problems.

    Personality Development

    • Personality is a unique organization of characteristics that determine the individual’s typical or recurrent pattern of behavior.
    • Theories of Personality Development:
      • Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs.
      • Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Stages of Development.
      • Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual Stages of Development.
      • Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development.
      • Harry Stack Sullivan: Interpersonal Theory.
      • Jean Piaget: Cognitive Development.

    Cognitive Development

    • Children are born with inherited potential that must be developed.
    • Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development:
      • Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years): Infants learn through sensory experiences and motor activity.
      • Preoperational (2 to 7 years): Children develop symbolic thinking and language, but struggle with logic and abstract concepts.
      • Concrete Operations (7 to 11 years): Children develop logical thinking and can manipulate concrete objects.
      • Formal Operations (11 years and older): Adolescents can think abstractly and engage in hypothetical reasoning.
    • Piaget believed intelligence consists of interaction and coping with the environment.

    Moral Development

    • Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development:
      • Preconventional (4 to 7 years): Children focus on avoiding punishment and gaining rewards.
      • Conventional (7 to 11 years): Children focus on conforming to social rules and maintaining order.
      • Postconventional (12 years and older): Individuals develop their own ethical principles and values.
    • Kohlberg emphasized the conscience of the individual within society.

    Growth & Development of a Parent

    • Erikson's stages of child development must be mastered at each age to achieve optimum maturity.
      • Infant: Trust vs. Mistrust.
      • Toddler: Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt.
      • Preschool: Initiative vs. Guilt.
      • School Age: Industry vs. Inferiority.
      • Adolescent: Identity vs. Role Confusion.
    • Each stage builds upon the previous.
    • Parents must interact appropriately to assist the child in successfully moving to the next developmental level.

    Nutrition

    • Good nutrition begins before conception.
    • Nutritional habits are influenced by:
      • Misinformation.
      • Income level.
      • Folklore.
      • Fads.
      • Religious/cultural preferences.
      • Ethical preferences.
    • Optimum nutrition is essential for children to reach their growth potential.
    • Lack of adequate nutrition can lead to intellectual disabilities.
    • Restrictive diets are not advised for infants and young children.
    • Fat and cholesterol are needed for calories and development of the central nervous system.
    • Methods to reduce cholesterol in children:
      • Encourage exercise.
      • Provide fresh fruits and vegetables.
      • Cut back on fast food.
      • Bake or boil food instead of frying.

    Feeding the Healthy Child

    • Infants require more calories, protein, minerals, and vitamins in proportion to their weight.
      • Breast milk is ideal for meeting these needs.
      • Whole cow's milk should not be introduced before 1 year of age.
      • Low-fat milk should not be introduced before 2 years of age.
    • Toddlers may be picky eaters.
      • Provide nutritional snacks.
      • Respect their need for independence.
      • Don't force them to eat.
    • School-age children:
      • Maintain nutrition education.
      • Introduce new foods.
      • Assist them in prepping nutritious lunches.
    • Adolescents:
      • Girls:
        • Address emotional components related to food.
        • Emphasize that skipping meals can lead to nutrient deficiencies.
      • Boys:
        • Instruct regarding proper nutrition for sports.
        • Overeating can lead to adult obesity.

    Feeding the Ill Child

    • Hospitalized children continue to grow.
    • Characteristics of a well-nourished child:
      • Steady gains in height and weight.
      • Alertness.
      • Shiny hair.
      • No fatigue circles under eyes.
      • Normal skin color.
      • Good sleep.
      • Energy and vitality.
    • Many hospitalized children have poor appetites.
    • The nurse is responsible for monitoring:
      • Drug-drug interactions.
      • Drug-food interactions.
      • Drug-environment interactions.

    The Teeth

    • Deciduous teeth (baby teeth) begin developing at about the fifth month of intrauterine life.
      • The health of the expectant mother affects the soundness of the teeth.
      • Primary teeth erupt during the first 2.5 years of life.
        • The first tooth usually appears around 6-7 months.
        • A 1-year-old has about 6 teeth.
    • Good dental care begins with nutrition.
      • Dietary practices influence the development of cavities.
    • Nursing caries: Can occur when an infant is put to sleep with a bottle of milk or sweetened juice.
      • Sugar combines with bacterial flora in the mouth to cause tooth decay.
    • Dental Hygiene:
      • First year of life: Gentle brushing, mouth rinse.
      • 2-3 years old: Toothpaste and soft toothbrush.
      • 3-6 years: Brush and floss assisted by parents.
      • 6-12 years: First permanent molars erupt.
        • Pits and fissures make these molars primary sites for cavities.

    Play

    • Types of Play:
      • Therapeutic: Play used to address physical, social, emotional, or cognitive needs.
      • Parallel: Children play alongside each other, but not together.
      • Cooperative: Children play together, taking on roles.
      • Symbolic group: Children use objects to represent other things (e.g., a box becomes a car).
      • Competitive: Children engage in games with rules.
      • Group sports: Organized sports with teams.
      • Fantasy: Children use imagination to create pretend scenarios.
    • Development of Play:
      • Infants: Explore and imitate.
        • Provide visual stimuli for newborns, touch stimuli for infants, and toys for manipulation for 1-year-olds.
      • 1 to 2 years: Parallel play.
        • Provide toys that reflect activities of daily living.
      • 3 to 5 years: Cooperative play/Creative play.
        • Children play together, taking on specific roles.
        • Simple objects can be used for pretend play.
      • 5 to 7 years: Symbolic group play.
        • Children use symbols and codes in their play.
      • 7 to 10 years: Competitive play.
        • Children accept competition with structured rules.
      • 10 to 13 years: Group sports and internet activities.
        • Monitor internet use.
      • 13 to 18 years: Fantasy play and cliques.
        • Leadership activities like babysitting or tutoring are popular.
        • Board games and social activities in "cliques" are common.

    Growth and Development

    • Growth is an increase in physical size, Development is an increase in function, Maturation is dictated by inheritance.
    • Growth and development occur in predictable stages, but there is individual variation.
    • Growth follows a cephalocaudal pattern: head to toe, and a proximodistal pattern: midline to periphery.
    • Height is measured standing after age 2, length is measured laying down until age 2.
    • Infants and adolescents have rapid growth periods.
    • Height is a family trait, good nutrition and health support linear growth.
    • Birth weight doubles by 5-6 months and triples by 1 year.
    • Head grows most rapidly during fetal life, trunk during infancy, legs during childhood.
    • Children have a higher metabolic rate than adults, requiring more calories, minerals, vitamins, and fluids per weight and height.
    • Infants have irregular, abdominal respirations.
    • Newborns have immune protection from the mother for the first 3 months, gradually develop their own immunoglobulins.
    • Kidney function matures by age 2.
    • Brain maturation is seen through coordination, skills, and behaviors.
    • Sleep patterns vary with age.
    • Bone growth is a good biological age indicator.
    • Calcium reserves are stored in long bone ends.
    • Vitamin A, D, sunlight, and fluorine are essential for bone growth.

    Tracking of Growth and Development

    • Certain periods are more sensitive to environmental events.
    • Measurements are compared to age, sex, and race.
    • A difference of 2 or more percentile levels should be investigated.
    • Developmental screening is crucial.

    Influencing Factors

    • Hereditary traits determine characteristics.
    • Ethnic differences affect growth, speech, food preferences, family structure, religion, and behavior.
    • Birth order can influence development.
    • Male infants are usually larger and grow at a slightly different rate than females.
    • The prenatal and home environments strongly influence development.

    Moral Development

    • Lawrence Kohlberg proposed a sequential moral development model:
      • Preconventional (4-7 years): fear of punishment.
      • Conventional (7-11 years): conformity and loyalty.
      • Postconventional (12+ years): moral values are developed to solve complex problems.

    The Family

    • A family is two or more persons living and interacting together.
    • Types of Families:
      • Nuclear: Traditional – husband, wife, children
      • Extended: Grandparents, parents, children, relatives
      • Single parent: Women or men establish separate households
      • Foster-parent: Parents who care for children needing parenting
      • Alternative: Communal family
      • Dual career: Both parents work outside the home
      • Blended: Remarriage of persons with children
    • Parenting is learned and modeled.
    • Dysfunctional families do not provide for the child's well-being.
    • The Family APGAR assesses family functioning:
      • Adaptation: How the family helps and shares resources
      • Partnership: Lines of communication and partnership in the family
      • Growth: How responsibilities for growth and development of child are shared
      • Affection: Overt and covert emotional interactions among family members
      • Resolve: How time, money, and space are allocated to prevent and solve problems
    • Communities influence families.
    • Homeless families impact the child's growth, development, and health.

    Personality Development

    • Personality is a unique organization of characteristics that determine behavior patterns.
    • Theories provide a framework for understanding development:
      • Abraham Maslow
      • Erik Erikson
      • Sigmund Freud
      • Lawrence Kohlberg
      • Harry Stack Sullivan
      • Jean Piaget

    Cognitive Development

    • Children inherit potential that must be developed.
    • Jean Piaget proposed four stages of intellectual development:
      • Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
      • Preoperational (2 to 7 years)
      • Concrete Operations (7 to 11 years)
      • Formal Operations (11 years and older)

    Moral Development

    • Lawrence Kohlberg proposed a sequential moral development model:
      • Preconventional (4-7 years): fear of punishment.
      • Conventional (7-11 years): conformity and loyalty.
      • Postconventional (12+ years): moral values are developed to solve complex problems.

    Growth and Development of a Parent

    • Erikson's stages must be mastered at each age:
      • Infant: Trust vs. Mistrust
      • Toddler: Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
      • Preschool: Initiative vs. Guilt
      • School age: Industry vs. Inferiority
      • Adolescent: Identity vs. Role Confusion
    • Each stage builds on the previous.
    • Parents must interact appropriately to help the child reach the next developmental level.

    Nutrition

    • Good nutrition begins before conception.
    • Eating habits are influenced by:
      • Misinformation
      • Income level
      • Folklore
      • Fads
      • Religious and cultural preferences
    • Some families do not prioritize food.
    • Optimum nutrition is essential for reaching growth potential.
    • Inadequate nutrition can lead to intellectual disabilities.
    • Restrictive diets are not recommended for infants and young children.
    • Fat and cholesterol are needed for calories and brain development.
    • Exercise, fresh fruits and vegetables, and avoiding fast food help reduce cholesterol.

    Feeding the Healthy Child

    • Infants need more calories, protein, minerals, and vitamins per weight.
    • Breast milk is ideal.
    • Whole cow's milk should not be introduced before 1 year, low-fat milk before 2 years.
    • Toddlers may be picky eaters, provide nutritional snacks, respect their independence.
    • School-age children need consistent nutrition education and new food introductions.
    • Adolescents:
      • Girls: Consider emotional factors and explain risks of skipping meals.
      • Boys: Instruct on proper nutrition for sports and potential for obesity.

    Feeding the Ill Child

    • Hospitalized children continue to grow and need monitoring.
    • Well-nourished children: steady gains in height and weight, alert, shiny hair, no fatigue, normal skin color, sleep well, have energy.
    • Many hospitalized children have poor appetites.
    • Nurses monitor for drug-drug, drug-food, and drug-environment interactions.

    The Teeth

    • Deciduous teeth begin development in the fifth month of intrauterine life.
    • The mother's health affects the teeth.
    • Primary teeth erupt during the first 2.5 years of life.
    • Good dental care starts with nutrition.
    • Nursing caries occur when infants are put to sleep with milk or juice.
    • Dental hygiene:
      • First year: gentle brushing, mouth rinse.
      • 2-3 years: toothpaste and soft toothbrush.
      • 3-6 years: brush and floss assisted by parents.
      • 6-12 years: first permanent molars, focus on pits and fissures.

    Play

    • Types of play:
      • Therapeutic
      • Parallel
      • Cooperative
      • Symbolic group
      • Competitive
      • Group sports
      • Fantasy
    • Play development:
      • Infants: Explore, imitate.
      • 1-2 years: Parallel play.
      • 3-5 years: Cooperative/Creative play.
      • 5-7 years: Symbolic group play.
      • 7-10 years: Competitive play.
      • 10-13 years: Group sports, internet activities.
      • 13-18 years: Fantasy play, cliques.

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    Test your knowledge on the stages of growth and development from fetus to adolescence. This quiz covers key concepts such as maturation and the differences in measurement methods for infants and children. Challenge yourself to recall the important developmental milestones and changes that occur during these crucial years.

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