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Questions and Answers
Which form of phosphorus is known to be non-poisonous?
Which form of phosphorus is known to be non-poisonous?
What is the primary use of Fowler's Solution?
What is the primary use of Fowler's Solution?
What is a common symptom of acute arsenic poisoning?
What is a common symptom of acute arsenic poisoning?
Which of the following substances is known as the 'King of All Poisons'?
Which of the following substances is known as the 'King of All Poisons'?
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Which test is modified specifically for arsenic detection?
Which test is modified specifically for arsenic detection?
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What is a pharmacologic action of water-soluble antimony compounds?
What is a pharmacologic action of water-soluble antimony compounds?
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What is the primary use of Bismuth subsalicylate, often referred to as 'Pink Bismuth'?
What is the primary use of Bismuth subsalicylate, often referred to as 'Pink Bismuth'?
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Which of the following is an antidote for bismuth compound poisoning?
Which of the following is an antidote for bismuth compound poisoning?
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What is one of the side effects of bismuth compounds used internally?
What is one of the side effects of bismuth compounds used internally?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of milk of bismuth?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of milk of bismuth?
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What is a primary use of kaolin?
What is a primary use of kaolin?
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Which of the following describes a consequence of lead poisoning?
Which of the following describes a consequence of lead poisoning?
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Which allotrope is known for its crystalline structure and hardness?
Which allotrope is known for its crystalline structure and hardness?
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How is silica gel produced?
How is silica gel produced?
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What is one of the main uses of titanium dioxide?
What is one of the main uses of titanium dioxide?
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Lead poisoning is commonly associated with all of the following sources, except:
Lead poisoning is commonly associated with all of the following sources, except:
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Which phosphorus form is referred to as the 'Bringer of Light'?
Which phosphorus form is referred to as the 'Bringer of Light'?
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Silica gel is used for preventing which condition in granules?
Silica gel is used for preventing which condition in granules?
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Which metal is known for its anti-cariogenic properties?
Which metal is known for its anti-cariogenic properties?
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What effect does prolonged exposure to silica dust cause?
What effect does prolonged exposure to silica dust cause?
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What is a therapeutic use of oxygen?
What is a therapeutic use of oxygen?
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Which statement is NOT true regarding sulfur?
Which statement is NOT true regarding sulfur?
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What characteristic is true for ozone?
What characteristic is true for ozone?
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Which form of sulfur is commonly utilized as a scabicide?
Which form of sulfur is commonly utilized as a scabicide?
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What distinguishes precipitated sulfur from sublimed sulfur?
What distinguishes precipitated sulfur from sublimed sulfur?
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Which of the following is a property of bromine?
Which of the following is a property of bromine?
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What is a common antidote for bromine poisoning?
What is a common antidote for bromine poisoning?
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Which iodine solution has the strongest concentration?
Which iodine solution has the strongest concentration?
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What is the primary pharmacologic effect of iodides?
What is the primary pharmacologic effect of iodides?
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Which property distinguishes technetium from other elements?
Which property distinguishes technetium from other elements?
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What condition is caused by a deficiency of iodine?
What condition is caused by a deficiency of iodine?
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Which noble gas is known for its low reactivity and being used in balloons?
Which noble gas is known for its low reactivity and being used in balloons?
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What is the clinical use of Technetium 99m?
What is the clinical use of Technetium 99m?
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What chemical phenomenon allows carbon atoms to bond with each other to form chains or rings?
What chemical phenomenon allows carbon atoms to bond with each other to form chains or rings?
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Which of the following is a use of dry ice, the solid form of carbon dioxide?
Which of the following is a use of dry ice, the solid form of carbon dioxide?
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What is the primary pharmacologic use of stannous fluoride?
What is the primary pharmacologic use of stannous fluoride?
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Which type of glass is categorized as 'Highly Resistant' and is commonly used in parenteral applications?
Which type of glass is categorized as 'Highly Resistant' and is commonly used in parenteral applications?
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Which of the following metals is known as a powerful reducing agent?
Which of the following metals is known as a powerful reducing agent?
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In which form does nitrogen exist as the most abundant gas in the air?
In which form does nitrogen exist as the most abundant gas in the air?
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Which metal has been identified as a source of poisoning through lead pipes and paints?
Which metal has been identified as a source of poisoning through lead pipes and paints?
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What is the primary action of simethicone, a well-known antiflatulent agent?
What is the primary action of simethicone, a well-known antiflatulent agent?
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Which form of carbon is known for its unique graphitic structure, allowing it to serve as a lubricant?
Which form of carbon is known for its unique graphitic structure, allowing it to serve as a lubricant?
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What condition can result from prolonged exposure to silicon dust?
What condition can result from prolonged exposure to silicon dust?
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Study Notes
Group IV-A Carbon Family
- Carbon is also known as Crystallogen, the King of All Elements.
- Carbon is non-metallic.
- Carbon is the chemical basis of organic life (found in living things).
- Charcoal is a form of carbon (Latin origin).
Carbon
- Carbon is the only element that can form multiple bonds with itself.
- Catentation is the chemical phenomenon where carbon atoms link together to form chains or rings.
- This property is key to the complexity of organic molecules.
Allotropes
- Allotropes are different structural forms of the same element existing in the same physical state.
- Carbon exists in various allotropic forms, including diamond and graphite.
- Other examples are bitumous coal, anthracite, and coke.
Carbon Dioxide
- Also known as After-damp or Carbonic Acid Gas.
- Used as a respiratory stimulant (mixed with oxygen).
- Stored in gray containers.
- Toxicity occurs through suffocation.
- Dry ice (solid CO2) is used to destroy unwanted tissues by freezing (e.g., warts, corns, acne).
Germanium
- Also known as Eka Silicon.
- Enhances the immune system and has anti-tumor effects.
- Germanium dioxide increases red blood cell production.
Silicon
- The second most abundant element.
- Silicosis is a lung condition that resembles TB, developed after prolonged exposure (7+ years).
- Silicon dioxide is used as a glidant and prevents inter-particle adhesion in granules.
Types of Glass
| Type | General Description | Type of Test | Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | Highly Resistant, Borosilicate Glass | Powdered Glass | Parenteral |
| III | Treated Soda Lime Glass | Water Attack | Parenteral |
| NP | General Purpose Soda Lime Glass | Powdered Glass | Non-Parenteral |
Kaolin
- Also known as Porcelain clay, Bolus alba, China Clay, or White bole.
- Native hydrated aluminum silicate.
- Used as an adsorbent to treat mild diarrhea (Kaopectate®).
Attapulgite
- Also known as Polymagma® or Quintess®.
- Native hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate.
- Used as an adsorbent for diarrhea.
Simethicone
- Antiflatulent and anti-foaming agent.
- Part of Disflatyl® and Kremil-S®.
Dimethicone, NF
- Dimethyl siloxane polymer.
- Protective and emollient.
Silica Gel Fume
- Condensation of silica vapor.
Silica Gel
- Result of hydrolysis of orthosilicates.
Tin
- Also known as Stannum.
- Used in producing cans.
- Reagent for testing gold: Purple of Cassius, using stannous chloride.
Alloys of Tin
Various alloys of tin exist, including:
- Babbit metal (80% Sn, 20% Sb)
- Gun metal (10% Sn, 90% Cu)
- Pewter metal (various compositions, containing tin)
- Solder metal (various compositions, containing tin)
- Plumber's solder (33% Sn, 67% Pb)
Stannous fluoride
- SnF2
- Anti-cariogenic agent (8-%).
Stannic Oxide
- SnO2
- Germicidal.
Lead
- Also known as Plumbum.
- Pharmacologic use: Astringent.
- Protein precipitant.
- Poisoning: Plumbism/Saturnism.
- Antidote: EDTA or Ca Versenate
- Sources of lead poisoning include lead pipes, paints, and batteries.
Lead Acetate
- Also known as Sugar of Lead.
- Component of burrow's solution (+Aluminum sulfate).
- Used in preparing lead subacetate solution.
Lead Monoxide
- Also known as Litharge®.
- PbO.
- Astringent.
Lead Subacetate Solution
- Also known as Goulard's Extract.
- Used for skin inflammation (Lead (II) acetate + PbO).
Lead Sulfide
- Also known as Black Sulfide.
- Galena (common ore).
Group IV-B Titanium Family
Titanium
- Also known as Titan.
- Powerful reducing agent.
- Titanium(IV) oxide.
- Used in Opaquant tablets (Ocusert®) and also as a UV ray protectant.
Zirconium
- Antiperspirant and deodorant.
- Toxicity: causes skin granuloma.
Nitrogen
- Also known as Azote or Mephitic air.
- Meaning: Without life.
- Most abundant gas in the air (71% N2).
- Remaining 25% is oxygen.
- Inert: very stable, provides inert atmosphere for readily oxidisable pharmaceuticals, generally stored in black containers, liquid N2 as a refrigerant.
Nitrogen Dioxide
- Air pollutant.
- Vasodilator (vs. cyanide poisoning).
Nitrogen Trioxide
- Oxidizing agent.
- Nitrate preservative (vs).
Nitrous Oxide
- Also known as Laughing Gas or Dinitrogen Monoxide (N2O).
- Used in general and dental anesthesia.
- Weakest (but safest) inhalational anesthetic.
- Side effect: diffusion hypoxia.
- Stored in blue containers.
Phosphorus
- Also known as Bringer of Light or St. Elmo's Fire.
- Three main allotropic forms:
- Black/Yellow Phosphorus (poisonous)
- Red Phosphorus (non-poisonous).
Arsenic
- King of All Poisons.
- Choice of professional poisoners.
- Component of Salvarsan/Compound 606/Arsphenamine (1st anti-syphilis drug)
- Insecticide (Copper aceto arsenate).
- Toxicity: Aldrich-Mee's Line
- Antidote: BAL or dimercaprol
- Used in detection (Modified Marsh Test).
Arsenicals
- Various types of arsenic compounds and their testing methods:
- Paris Green
- Scheele's Green
- Fowler's Solution
- Donovan's Solution
Arsenic Poisoning
- General protoplasmic poison.
-
Acute Poisoning:
- Digestive problems (vomiting, abdominal pains, diarrhea) accompanied by bleeding.
- Aldrich Mee's lines (characteristic white lines on nail growth arrest)
-
Chronic Poisoning:
- Arsenicosis (found in smelters).
- Patients treated with arsenicals (e.g., Melarsoprol [Mel-B]).
- Drinking water with high levels of arsenic.
- Blackfoot Disease and Cancer
Antimony
- Antimony Glance is the most common source of antimony.
- Sb2S3
- Red-orange color.
- Water-soluble compounds have astringent, emetic, expectorant, and anthelminthic properties (for Schistosomiasis, killing and expelling intestinal worms)
Antimony Potassium Tartrate
- More exact: C&H4K2O12Sb2.3H2O.
- AKA Tartar Emetic or Brown Mixture.
- Emetic.
- Expectorant (for treatment of Schistosomiasis [liver fluke]).
Bismuth
- AKA "Beautiful Meadow".
- Uses: Astringent, Antiseptic/Antimicrobial (Triple/Quadruple), Gastric Protectant
- Compound side effects: black stools (Bi2S3).
- Antidote: Dimercaprol.
Milk of Bismuth
- Contains bismuth hydroxide and bismuth subcarbonate.
- Suspension in water.
- Composition includes Bismuth subcarbonate, HNO3 and Ammonium Carbonate.
- Used as a protective for gastric ulcers and inhibits growth of H. pylori (antiseptic).
Other Bismuth Compounds
- Bismuth citrate
- Bismuth subcarbonate
- Bismuth subgallate
- Side effects include astringent, mildly germicidal and antacid properties.
- Bismuth subsalicylate ("Pink Bismuth") is an active ingredient in Pepto-Bismol® .
- Colloidal bismuth subcitrate
- Used in the treatment of PUD-related conditions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Carbon family, including the properties of carbon, its allotropes, and the significance of carbon dioxide. This quiz covers essential concepts that highlight carbon's role in chemistry and organic life, making it vital for understanding the building blocks of matter.
