Group IV-A Carbon Family Quiz

Group IV-A Carbon Family

• Carbon is also known as Crystallogen, the King of All Elements.
• Carbon is non-metallic.
• Carbon is the chemical basis of organic life (found in living things).
• Charcoal is a form of carbon (Latin origin).

Carbon

• Carbon is the only element that can form multiple bonds with itself.
• Catentation is the chemical phenomenon where carbon atoms link together to form chains or rings.
• This property is key to the complexity of organic molecules.

Allotropes

• Allotropes are different structural forms of the same element existing in the same physical state.
• Carbon exists in various allotropic forms, including diamond and graphite.
• Other examples are bitumous coal, anthracite, and coke.

Carbon Dioxide

• Also known as After-damp or Carbonic Acid Gas.
• Used as a respiratory stimulant (mixed with oxygen).
• Stored in gray containers.
• Toxicity occurs through suffocation.
• Dry ice (solid CO₂) is used to destroy unwanted tissues by freezing (e.g., warts, corns, acne).

Germanium

• Also known as Eka Silicon.
• Enhances the immune system and has anti-tumor effects.
• Germanium dioxide increases red blood cell production.

Silicon

• The second most abundant element.
• Silicosis is a lung condition that resembles TB, developed after prolonged exposure (7+ years).
• Silicon dioxide is used as a glidant and prevents inter-particle adhesion in granules.

Types of Glass

Kaolin

• Also known as Porcelain clay, Bolus alba, China Clay, or White bole.
• Native hydrated aluminum silicate.
• Used as an adsorbent to treat mild diarrhea (Kaopectate®).

Attapulgite

• Also known as Polymagma® or Quintess®.
• Native hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate.
• Used as an adsorbent for diarrhea.

Simethicone

• Antiflatulent and anti-foaming agent.
• Part of Disflatyl® and Kremil-S®.

Dimethicone, NF

• Dimethyl siloxane polymer.
• Protective and emollient.

Silica Gel Fume

• Condensation of silica vapor.

Silica Gel

• Result of hydrolysis of orthosilicates.

Tin

• Also known as Stannum.
• Used in producing cans.
• Reagent for testing gold: Purple of Cassius, using stannous chloride.

Alloys of Tin

Various alloys of tin exist, including:

• Babbit metal (80% Sn, 20% Sb)
• Gun metal (10% Sn, 90% Cu)
• Pewter metal (various compositions, containing tin)
• Solder metal (various compositions, containing tin)
• Plumber's solder (33% Sn, 67% Pb)

Stannous fluoride

• SnF₂
• Anti-cariogenic agent (8-%).

Stannic Oxide

• SnO₂
• Germicidal.

Lead

• Also known as Plumbum.
• Pharmacologic use: Astringent.
• Protein precipitant.
• Poisoning: Plumbism/Saturnism.
• Antidote: EDTA or Ca Versenate
• Sources of lead poisoning include lead pipes, paints, and batteries.

Lead Acetate

• Also known as Sugar of Lead.
• Component of burrow's solution (+Aluminum sulfate).
• Used in preparing lead subacetate solution.

Lead Monoxide

• Also known as Litharge®.
• PbO.
• Astringent.

Lead Subacetate Solution

• Also known as Goulard's Extract.
• Used for skin inflammation (Lead (II) acetate + PbO).

Lead Sulfide

• Also known as Black Sulfide.
• Galena (common ore).

Group IV-B Titanium Family

Titanium

• Also known as Titan.
• Powerful reducing agent.
• Titanium(IV) oxide.
• Used in Opaquant tablets (Ocusert®) and also as a UV ray protectant.

Zirconium

• Antiperspirant and deodorant.
• Toxicity: causes skin granuloma.

Nitrogen

• Also known as Azote or Mephitic air.
• Meaning: Without life.
• Most abundant gas in the air (71% N₂).
• Remaining 25% is oxygen.
• Inert: very stable, provides inert atmosphere for readily oxidisable pharmaceuticals, generally stored in black containers, liquid N₂ as a refrigerant.

Nitrogen Dioxide

• Air pollutant.
• Vasodilator (vs. cyanide poisoning).

Nitrogen Trioxide

• Oxidizing agent.
• Nitrate preservative (vs).

Nitrous Oxide

• Also known as Laughing Gas or Dinitrogen Monoxide (N₂O).
• Used in general and dental anesthesia.
• Weakest (but safest) inhalational anesthetic.
• Side effect: diffusion hypoxia.
• Stored in blue containers.

Phosphorus

• Also known as Bringer of Light or St. Elmo's Fire.
• Three main allotropic forms:
  • Black/Yellow Phosphorus (poisonous)
  • Red Phosphorus (non-poisonous).

Arsenic

• King of All Poisons.
• Choice of professional poisoners.
• Component of Salvarsan/Compound 606/Arsphenamine (1st anti-syphilis drug)
• Insecticide (Copper aceto arsenate).
• Toxicity: Aldrich-Mee's Line
• Antidote: BAL or dimercaprol
• Used in detection (Modified Marsh Test).

Arsenicals

• Various types of arsenic compounds and their testing methods:
  • Paris Green
  • Scheele's Green
  • Fowler's Solution
  • Donovan's Solution

Arsenic Poisoning

• General protoplasmic poison.
• Acute Poisoning:
  • Digestive problems (vomiting, abdominal pains, diarrhea) accompanied by bleeding.
  • Aldrich Mee's lines (characteristic white lines on nail growth arrest)
• Chronic Poisoning:
  • Arsenicosis (found in smelters).
  • Patients treated with arsenicals (e.g., Melarsoprol [Mel-B]).
  • Drinking water with high levels of arsenic.
  • Blackfoot Disease and Cancer

Antimony

• Antimony Glance is the most common source of antimony.
• Sb₂S₃
• Red-orange color.
• Water-soluble compounds have astringent, emetic, expectorant, and anthelminthic properties (for Schistosomiasis, killing and expelling intestinal worms)

Antimony Potassium Tartrate

• More exact: C&H₄K₂O₁₂Sb₂.3H₂O.
• AKA Tartar Emetic or Brown Mixture.
• Emetic.
• Expectorant (for treatment of Schistosomiasis [liver fluke]).

Bismuth

• AKA "Beautiful Meadow".
• Uses: Astringent, Antiseptic/Antimicrobial (Triple/Quadruple), Gastric Protectant
• Compound side effects: black stools (Bi₂S₃).
• Antidote: Dimercaprol.

Milk of Bismuth

• Contains bismuth hydroxide and bismuth subcarbonate.
• Suspension in water.
• Composition includes Bismuth subcarbonate, HNO₃ and Ammonium Carbonate.
• Used as a protective for gastric ulcers and inhibits growth of H. pylori (antiseptic).

Other Bismuth Compounds

• Bismuth citrate
• Bismuth subcarbonate
• Bismuth subgallate
• Side effects include astringent, mildly germicidal and antacid properties.
• Bismuth subsalicylate ("Pink Bismuth") is an active ingredient in Pepto-Bismol® .
• Colloidal bismuth subcitrate
• Used in the treatment of PUD-related conditions.