PCI-FINALS Part 2 PDF

group Iv-a 1 carbon family 1 CARBON aka CRYSTALLOGEN, King of All Elements Non-metallic in character Organic Chemistry: Chemical basis of life Charcoal (Latin) carbon The only element that can form multiple bonds with itself CATENATION ⚬ chemical phenomenon where atoms...

group Iv-a 1 carbon family 1 CARBON aka CRYSTALLOGEN, King of All Elements Non-metallic in character Organic Chemistry: Chemical basis of life Charcoal (Latin) carbon The only element that can form multiple bonds with itself CATENATION ⚬ chemical phenomenon where atoms of the same element link together to form chains or rings. ALLOTROPES different structural forms of the same element that exist in the same physical state. Diamond CRYSTALLINE Graphite Bituminous coal (soft coal) Anthracite (hard coal) AMORPHOUS Coke (impure form of carbon) CARBON DIOXIDE aka After-damp, Aer Fixus, Carbonic Acid Gas Use: Respiratory stimulant (with 5-7% O2); Hiccups Stored in GRAY container Toxicity through suffocation Dry Ice (solid CO2) ⚬ destroy unwanted tissues by freezing ⚬ Eg. acne, korns, callouses, eczema, moles, psoriasis, and warts germanium aka Eka Silicon Possess immune system enhancing anti-tumor effects Germanium dioxide increases RBC production SILICON 2nd most abundant element Silicosis Lung condition resembling TB developing after long exposure (7 years or more) SILICON DIOXIDE Use: glidant prevents inter-particle adhesion in granules TYPE GENERAL DESCRIPTION TYPE OF TEST USE I Highly Resistant, Borosilicate Powdered Glass Parenteral Glass II Treated Soda Lime Glass Water Attack Parenteral III Soda Lime Glass Powdered Glass Parenteral NP General Purpose Soda Lime Powdered Glass Non-Parenteral Glass  kaolin aka Porcelain clay, Bolus alba, China Clay or White bole Native Hydrated Aluminum Silicate Use: Adsorbent Treatment of mild diarrhea (Kaopectate®)  ATTAPULGITE Polymagma®, Quintess® Native Hydrated Magnesium Aluminum Silicate Adsorbent for Diarrhea SIMETHICONE Antiflatulent Anti-foaming agent Disflatyl® & Kremil-S®  DIMETHICONE, NF Dimethyl siloxane polymer Protective and emollient Simeco SILICA GEL FUME condensation of silica vapour SILICA GEL hydrolysis of orthosilicates tin aka Stannum Used in production of cans Test for Au: Purple of Cassius ⚬ Reagent: Stannous chloride Alloys of tin Babbit metal 80% Sn, 20% Sb Gun metal 10% Sn, 90% Cu Pewter metal Old 80% Sn, 20% Pb Pewter metal New 85% Sn, Cu, Sb, Bi Rose metal 25% Sn, 25% Pb, 50% Bi Solder metal Old 50% Sn, 50% Pb Solder metal New 90% Sn, Ag, Cu Plumber's solder 33% Sn, 67% Pb  Stannous fluoride SnF2 Anti-cariogenic agent (8%) Stannic Oxide SnO2 Germicide LEAD aka Plumbum Pharmacologic use: Astringent ⚬ Protein precipitant Poisoning: Plumbism/Saturnism Antidote: ⚬ EDTA ⚬ Ca Versenate Source of Poisoning ⚬ Lead pipes ⚬ Paints ⚬ Batteries  LEAD ACETATE aka Sugar of Lead Component of burrow's solution (+Aluminum sulfate) Burrow's = Aluminum acetate solution Used for the preparation of Lead Subacetate Solution LEAD MONOXIDE aka Litharge® PbO Astringent Lead (II) oxide LEAD SUBACETATE SOLUTION aka Goulard's Extract Skin inflammation (Lead (II) acetate + PbO) LEAD SULFIDE Black Sulfide Galena (most common ore)  group Iv-b 1 titanium family 1 titanium aka: Titan (Sons of the Earth) Use: Powerful Reducing Agent Titanium (IV) oxide ⚬ Titanium dioxide ⚬ Opaquant (Ocusert®) ⚬ UV Ray protectant ZIRCONIUM Antiperspirant Deodorant Toxicity: causes skin granuloma NITROGEN aka Azote, Mephitic air Meaning: "Without life" Most abundant gas in air ⚬ 71% = N2 ⚬ 25% = O2 Inert: ⚬ Very Stable ⚬ Provides an inert atmosphere for readily oxidisable pharmaceuticals ⚬ stored in BLACK containers ⚬ Liquid N2: Refrigerant  NITROGEN DIOXIDE Air pollutant vs nitrite - vasodilator; For cyanide poisoning NITROGEN TRIOXIDE Oxidizing agent (vs) Nitrate - preservative  NITROUS OXIDE NO Laughing Gas or Dinitrogen monoxide Used as general anesthetic ⚬ Dental procedure ⚬ weakest but probably the safest inhalational anesthetic S/E: diffusion hypoxia Stored in BLUE container PHOSPHORUS aka Bringer of Light, Light-carrier, St. Elmo's Fire Three main allotropic forms: ⚬ Black/Yellow Phosphorus - Poisonous ⚬ Red Phosphorus - Non-Poisonous ARSENIC King of All Poisons; Choice of Professional Poisoners Component of Salvarsan/Compound 606/Arsphenamine/Private 606 ⚬ 1st anti-syphilis drug ⚬ Paul Aka: Ehrlich Lewisite metal Insecticide: Copper Aceto Arsenate Toxicity: Aldrich-Mee's Line Antidote: BAL or dimercaprol Test in As detection ⚬ Marsh Test (Modified form of this test is  arsenicals TYPE OF TEST Cupric Aceto-Arsenite Cupric sulfate and arsenic trioxide Paris Green Cu(C2H302)2 3Cu(As02)2 Rodenticide, insecticide, pigment, blue colorant of fireworks Scheele's Green Cupric Hydrogen Arsenite 1% Potassium Arsenite Solution (KAs02) Fowler's Solution Anti-leukemics Psoriasis and asthma Donovan's Solution Asl3 & Hgl2 ARSENIC General Protoplasmic Poison poisoning Acute Poisoning: Digestive Problems - Vomiting, abdominal pains, diarrhea accompanied by bleeding Aldrich Mee's lines - Characteristic white lines on nails (nail growth arrest) Alopecia - Hair loss Chronic Poisoning Arsenicosis Found in smelters, patients treated w/ arsenicals e.g. Melarsoprol (Mel-B), drinking water with high levels of As Blackfoot Disease & CANCER antimony Antimony Glance Most important source of antimony Sb2S3 Red-Orange in color Pharmacologic action of water-soluble compounds: ⚬ Astringent ⚬ Emetic ⚬ Expectorant ⚬ Anthelminthic (For Schistosomiasis) ￭ Kills and expels intestinal worms (vs vermifuge - only expels worms)  ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRATE SbKC4H406 More exact: C&H4K2012Sb2 3H2O aka Tartar Emetic, Brown mixture ⚬ Emetic ⚬ Expectorant ⚬ For treatment of Schistosomiasis (Liver Fluke) BISMUTH aka "Beautiful Meadow" Uses: ⚬ Astringent ⚬ Antiseptic/Antimicrobial ￭ Triple and Quadruple Therapy ⚬ Gastric Protectant Compound are poisonous Side effect of bismuth compounds used internally: Black stools (Bi2S3) Antidote: Dimercaprol  MILK OF BISMUTH Bismuth Cream, Bismuth Magma Contains bismuth hydroxide & bismuth subcarbonate in suspension in water Composition: ⚬ Bismuth subcarbonate ⚬ HNO3 ⚬ Ammonium Carbonate ⚬ Strong Ammonia solution & Purified H,O Protective for gastric ulcers Inhibit growth of H. pylori (antiseptic) Astringent Other compounds of bismuth Bismuth citrate Bismuth Subcarbonate Bismuth Subgallate ⚬ Astringent, mildly germicidal, antacid Bismuth subsalicylate ("Pink Bismuth") ⚬ Active Ingredient in Pepto-Bismol® ⚬ Anti-Inflammatory, bactericidal, antacid Colloidal Bismuth Subcitrate ⚬ Tx of PUD carbon The only element that can form multiple bonds with itself CATENATION ⚬ chemical phenomenon where atoms of the same element link together to form chains or rings.  1 group v-b 1 tantalum Unaffected by body fluids - inert Sheet form - surgical repair of bones  group vI-a 1 chalcogens 1 oxygen aka Dephlogisticated Air (Priestly), Empyreal air (Scheele), Acid-Former (Lavoisier) 3rd MostAbundant Element in Universe Most abundant Element in Earth's crust Most Essential Element in humans Exist as a diatomic molecule under ordinary conditions (02) Allotropes Nascent O Atmospheric/Molec O2 ular Ozone O3  oxygen OZONE Therapeutic gas in the.Powerful Oxidising Agent treatment of conditions ⚬ Disinfectant, bleach involving hypoxia (industrial) Stored in GREEN containers ⚬ Bluish irritant gas SULFUR aka Brimstone, Shulbari (Sanskrit: Enemy of Copper), Asupre / Azufre Occurs in free state and in combination, mainly as sulfides and sulfates PRECIPITATED SULFUR SUBLIMED SULFUR WASHED SULFUR MILK OF SULFUR FLOWERS OF LAC SULFUR SULFUR Very fine, amorphous or Fine, crystalline Fine, crystalline microcrystalline powder, with faint powder, with faint powder, odorless odor & taste odor & taste & tasteless Used in ointments Used as cathartic & lotions (irritant laxative) sulfur compounds use Precipitated S Used as scabicide Sulfur Keratolytic effect Stimulant in alopecia Sublimed S Stimulant cathartic burned sulfur Fumigation Depilatories ⚬ Remove unwanted hair Sulfides ⚬ Reduction in sulfide link in cystine in highly alkaline media ⚬ e.g. Sodium thioglycolate (Veet®)  Image of Scabies rash SULFURATED LIME Vleminckx's Solution ⚬ Prepared from lime and sublimed sulfur and water ⚬ Used as scabicide, treating acne, and other skin diseases SELENIUM SULFIDE SeS2 (Selsun Blue®) 2.5% suspension used for the topical treatment of seborrheic dermatitis (Cytostatic effect) Hands should be washed off - Se is toxic Should not come in contact in eyes and mouth Cadmium sulfide, in the past, was also used for this purpose selenium Selene (Gk.) - moon Toxic in large doses Prolonged contact with skin causes contact dermatitis Important trace element: ⚬ Deficiency: Keshan Disease Absorbed very slowly on the skin Promotes absorption of vitamin E  GROUP VI-B 1 Chromium & Molybdenum 1 CHROMIUM Chromous Ion Good Reducing Agent Chromic Ion Glucose Tolerance Factor Essential Trace Element Poisonous form Cr2072- + H2O 2Cr042 + 2H+ Hexavalent Chromium Dichromate e.g. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr207) - Strong OA Chromate - Good Precipitant; Orange- Red molybdenum Essential Trace Element Cofactor for enzymes associated with flavin-dependent enzymes MOLYBDENUM OXIDE With ferrous sulfate - hematinic BN: Mol-Iron® URANIUM Radioactive element Discovered by Becquerel and Curie from Pitchblende ore Becquerel = discovered radioactivity, together with Pierce and Marie Curie  GROUP VIA 1 HALOGENS 1 FLUORINE Most electronegative element Strong Oxidizing agent Linus Pauling's Superhalogen Sodium Fluoride Used as prophylaxis for dental Stannous Fluoride caries Sodium Monofluorophosphate also used for tx of osteoporosis  Chlorofluorocarbons (freon) Used as aerosol propellant refrigerant e.g. dichlorofluoromethane "Greenhouse effect" Global Warming Destroy 03 (ozone) layer CHLORINE chlorine compounds Hydrochloric acid, Dil. HCl aka Dephlogisticated muriatic acid Sodium Chloride, Potassium Universal Water disinfectant Chloride, Calcium Chloride "Chloros" - greenish yellow Ammonium Chloride Hypochlorites Most abundant extracellular anion Used as water disinfectant Chlorides are precipitated with Silver Nitrate bromine Dark reddish brown fuming liquid with suffocating odor Powerful caustic (quickly attacks the skin to cause burn that is hard to heal) and germicide Skin exposure: area washed by a solution of baking soda and treated with glycerin Used as a chemical reagent: Ex: Bromine Water (1% Br2 in H2O) bromine Poisoning: Bromism/Brominism ⚬ Long term use of bromides ⚬ Somnolence, psychosis, seizures, and delirium, skin eruption, weakness, ⚬ Headache ⚬ Antidote: NaC1 + Ammonium Chloride Oldest known anaesthetic Bromide ion internally acts as a sedative (depressant) Three Bromides Elixir (Na*, K*, NH*) Bromine 10th N solution - Koppeschar's solution 267 iodine Heaviest Non-metallic element Oldest antiseptic Easily undergoes sublimation - violet vapours Solid with metallic sheen Poisoning: Iodism ⚬ Acute rhinitis, acneform eruption, weakness, salivation and foul breath ⚬ Antidote: Starch solution, Sodium thiosulfate (ingestion)  IODIDES Pharmacologic effect: ⚬ Expectorant ⚬ Antiseptic ⚬ Essential trace element necessary for synthesis of thyroid hormones Deficiency state: Simple Goiter ⚬ Dangerous for pregnant women ⚬ Cretinism ⚬ Prevention: Iodized Salt (Nal)  Iodine Tincture Nal, 2% I in 50% EtOH Iodine Topical Solution Nal, 2% I2 in water Strong I2 Solution aka Lugol's Solution KI, 5% 12 Strong Iodine Tincture KI, 7.5% 12, 50% EtOH Phenolated Iodine Bouton's Solution - antibacterial & Solution irritant  Iodophors Iodine complexed with an organic complexing agent as solubilizer Povidone/PVP-L solution (Betadine®) Skin Cleanser - 7.5% I2 w/ surfactant Solution - 10% I2 Vaginal Wash 7.5% 12 astatine The only synthetic, metallic, & radioactive halogen The rarest element  GROUP 1 ViIb 1 manganese Pyrolusite (Mn02) - principal ore of manganese Essential trace element Cofactor involved in protein synthesis, phosphorylation, fatty acid, and cholesterol synthesis Toxicity: similar to parkinsonism ⚬ Muscle rigidity & tremors TECHNETIUM (Tc) "Technetos"- Artificial First element produced artificially Used in radiopharmaceutical: Technetium 99m Most Commonly Used Radiopharmaceutical Production: Decay of Mo-99  GROUP 1 VIiIa noble gases 1 helium Gk. - Sun 2nd lightest gas 2nd Most Abundant Element in Universe Inhalation produces Donald Duck-like Sound "Mobile" Gas Component of Artificial Air ⚬ Stored in BROWN container ⚬ 80% He and 20% 02 NEON Gk. - New Use: Advertising purposes (Neon lights) ARGON Most abundant noble gas Gk. - Idle Substitute for nitrogen as inert atmosphere for pharmaceuticals XENON Gk. - Stranger Investigated as General Anaesthesia KRYPTON Gk. - Hidden Least abundant noble gas Discoverer: Ramsay and Travers ⚬ isolated Krypton from liquid residues of Argon Inhalational Anaesthesia RADON aka Niton Inert gas emitted by Radium salts Treatment of certain types of cancer (Cervical CA)  GROUP 1 VIiIB iron triad Fe, Co, Ni 1 First Triad 2nd Triad 3rd Triad Rh, Ru, Pd Os, Ir, Pt iron Most important element in engineering Iron is best absorbed in the duodenum Hemoglobin Oxygen transport Transferrin Transport form of iron in the body Ferritin Storage form of Iron in the body Cytochrome Enhance absorption of Iron: Vit C & Copper Oxidase iron forms Pig Iron or Cast From blast furnace (92-94% Fe) Iron White Cast Iron Solution of hard, brittle iron carbide Gray Cast Iron Liquid Fe run into sand molds & allowed to cool Wrought Iron removal of impurities of cast irons (99.9% Fe) Common ores Pyrite/"Fool's Gold" (FeS2) is a native iron sulfide Chalybeate water Iron in solution with ferruginous taste Misch Metal 70% Cerium + 30% Iron Hemochromatosis Iron Toxicity/Overload: Antidote: Deferoxamine Mesylate (IV); Desferasirox (PO) Physiologic role of Fe2+ ⚬ Hematinic - Stimulates production of RBC ⚬ Most important therapeutic use of Fe ⚬ For correction of Iron Deficiency Anemia ⚬ Side effect: causes GI constipation iron compounds Ferrous Sulfate aka Green Vitriol (FeS04 7H20) Ferrous Fergon®, Sangobion® Gluconate Produces less gastric irritation than FeSO4 Ferrous fumarate Toleron® More stable; less air than FeSO4 Ferrous aka Chalybeate Pills, and Ferruginous Pills Carbonate Ferric Chloride Use: Astringent, Styptic, Detection of Tannin Ferric Ammonium Mohr Salt Sulfate Used in analytical chemistry Ferric Oxide Makes Calamine pink (aesthetic purpose) Iron Sorbitex Complex of Iron w/ Sorbitol, & Citric Acid For poor absorption of Iron Ferric Subsulfate aka Monsel's Solution solution COBALT Development of erythrocytes & hemoglobin As Co2+: Central metal ion in Vit B12 (Cyanocobalamin) ⚬ Deficiency: Megaloblastic Anemia COBALTOUS CHLORIDE aka Lover's Ink or Sympathetic Ink CoCl2 Use: Desiccator's Indicator in silica gel beads ⚬ Anhydrous form - Blue ⚬ Hydrous form - Pink Cobalt Meta-aluminate ⚬ Thenard's Blue" nickel aka Old Nick's Copper Fancy Jewelries Nickel's itch contact dermatitis Product of fossil fuel combustion SECOND TRIAD Rh Ru complexes investigated for its anticancer properties Palladium Catalyst in organic reactions Catalyst in finely divided steel third TRIAD Heaviest and most dense metal Osmium Osmium tetroxide, Osmic acid Staining of specimens for electron microscopy Platinum Catalyst low reactivity - Noble Metal Cisplatin, Carboplatin Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum TECHNETIUM 99M RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL Tc-99m - Phytate Liver imaging & potency Tc 99m-Heptagluconate Kidney imaging, Determining renal Tc 99m-IDA (IminoDiacetic Hepato-Biliary studies Acid) Tc 99m- Bone Imaging/Scanning Etidronate/Phosphonates Tc 99m-Sestamibi Myocardial Perfusion agent Methoxy Isobutyl Isonitrile Tc 99m - pertechnetate Thyroid Scanning Tc 99m - Macroaggregated Lung Scanning Albumin OTHER RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL Sodium Chromate - 52 Scanning of the Spleen Gold Au-198 Scanning of the Liver Sodium Rose Bengal I-131 Tracer for Liver Function Human Serum Albumin NaI I- Blood volume & Cardiac Output 131 Determination Sodium Iodide I-131 Scanning of the Thyroid Sodium Iodide I-125 Diagnosis of Thyroid Function Sodium Iodohippurate Diagnosis of Liver Function Chlormerodrin Hg-197 Scintillating scans of kidney & brain Sodium Phosphate P-32 Treatment of Polycythemia Vera Cyanocobalamin Co-57 Diagnosis of Pernicious Anemia Selenomethionine Se-75 Diagnosis of Pancreatic Tumors “Every page you turn is a step closer to your dreams. 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